Evaporation panel systems and methods

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is drawn to systems and methods of treating or utilizing water, including water for cooling applications or separation of compounds from wastewater, using evaporation panels, evaporation panel systems, evaporation panel securing systems, evaporation panel sub-assemblies, evaporation panel assemblies, groups of evaporation panel assemblies, wastewater evaporative separation systems, evaporative cooling systems, splash containment shields, water delivery trough systems, and the like.

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/636,476, filed on Feb. 4, 2020, which was a National Stageof International Application No. PCT/US2018/045446, filed on Aug. 6,2018, which claims priority to US Provisional Application Nos.62/541,573 filed on Aug. 4, 2017, 62/580,116 filed on Nov. 1, 2017, and62/584,733 filed on Nov. 10, 2017, each of which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

There are several techniques used to separate water from variouscontaminants, such as hydrocarbons, salts, debris, dirt/clay, coal,hazardous material, or the like. Sources of industrial wastewater comefrom various industries, such as from facilities including chemicalplants, fossil-fuel power stations, food production facilities, iron andsteel plants, mines and quarries, nuclear plants, and others. Thus,evaporation from evaporation ponds has been used to separate varioustypes of contaminants from water. For example, salt evaporation can beused to produce salt from seawater, or can be used to dispose of brineor brackish water from desalination plants. Mining operations can useevaporation to separate ore or other material from water. The oil andgas industry can use evaporation to separate various hydrocarbons fromwater. Evaporation can also be used to separate water from various typesof hazardous or non-hazardous waste, reducing its weight and volume tomake it more easily transportable and stored.

Another example is for mineral concentration from slurries ordispersions of particulate material in wastewater streams. Thus, as manyindustries produce some wastewater, there is a trend towards minimizingwastewater production and/or recycling wastewater where possible.However, typical evaporation ponds can be large, taking up a significantamount of real estate (which may not be available in some instances),and evaporation ponds can take months to adequately evaporate/separatethe waste material from the water though evaporation. Furthermore, thereare some applications where evaporation of industrial water can beuseful, even if the water being processed is not a wastewater per se. Anexample of this is evaporative cooling, where the natural process ofevaporation can be used to cool water that may have been heated, butwhich may need to be cooled for further use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the advantages of the invention be readily understood, adescription of the subject matter will be rendered in part by referenceto specific embodiments that are illustrated in the appended drawings,with the understanding that these drawings depict only typical examplesof the subject matter and are not therefore to be considered to belimiting in scope. However, the subject matter of the present disclosurecan be described and explained with additional specificity and detailthrough the use of the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a front plan view of an example evaporation panel inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A is an upper left perspective view of the example evaporationpanel of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 2B is a lower left perspective view of the example evaporationpanel of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 2C provides two close-up, alternative perspective views of portionsof the example evaporation panel of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 3 is a left side or end plan view of the example evaporation panelof FIG. 1 .

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the example evaporation panel of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 5 is a bottom plan view of the example evaporation panel of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6A provides a front plan view, left and right side or end planviews, a top plan view, and a bottom plan view of an alternative exampleevaporation panel in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 6B is a partial front plan view of an alternative arrangement withstaggered support columns and female receiving openings therein inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 6C is a partial front plan view of another alternative arrangementwith support columns and female receiving openings that are verticallyaligned in pairs and staggered therebeneath in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a close-up, front plan, partial view showing how two exampleevaporation panels of an evaporation panel system can be stackedvertically to form an example evaporation panel assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a front plan view of two example stacked evaporation panels ofan evaporation panel system, including a close-up detailed portionthereof, illustrating an example evaporator panel assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional views of two example evaporation panels ofan evaporation panel system, including a close-up detailed portionthereof, joined together orthogonally to form an example evaporatorpanel assembly, more specifically an L-shaped sub-assembly, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of three example evaporation panels of anevaporation panel system joined together to form an example evaporatorpanel assembly in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of ten example evaporation panels of anevaporation panel system joined together to form an example evaporatorpanel assembly, more specifically a cube-shaped sub-assembly, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 12A is a top plan view of several different example sub-assembliesthat can be formed to assemble larger and more complex evaporation panelassemblies in accordance with examples of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12B is a top plan view of an arrangement of twenty exampleevaporation panels of an evaporation panel system joined together toform four pi-shaped sub-assemblies (4 teeth), which are also furtherjoined together to form an example evaporation panel assembly inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 12C is a top plan view of an arrangement of sixty-nine exampleevaporation panels of an evaporation panel system joined together toform nine pi-shaped sub-assemblies (some symmetrical and someasymmetrical), which are also further joined together to form an exampleevaporation panel assembly in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 12D is a top plan view depicting various types of comb-shapedsub-assemblies (comb-shaped and cube-shaped), which can be joinedtogether to form a more complex evaporation panel assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure.

FIG. 12E is a top plan view depicting various pi-shaped sub-assemblies(some symmetrical and some asymmetrical), which can be joined togetherto form a more complex evaporation panel assembly including a verticalairshaft in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a front plan, partial view of an example evaporation panel inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a top cross-sectional, partial plan view, taken along sectionA-A of FIG. 13 , of an example evaporation panel in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a close-up view of a portion of the example evaporation panelof FIG. 13 , taken within the dashed lines thereof, having wastewaterloaded thereon in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a top cross-sectional, partial plan view, taken along sectionB-B of FIG. 15 , of an example evaporation panel in accordance with thepresent disclosure, which further shows an example airflow patterngenerated by a leading edge of a symmetrical airfoil-shaped verticalwater column.

FIG. 17 depicts an alternative example evaporation panel system,including a front plan view of an evaporation panel joined orthogonallywith three additional evaporation panels (shown in side plan view),which together form an example evaporator panel sub-assembly(comb-shaped; E-shaped) in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 depicts another alternative example evaporation panel system,including a front plan view of an evaporation panel joined orthogonallywith two additional evaporation panels (shown in side plan view), whichtogether form an example evaporator panel sub-assembly (L-shaped withsecondary spine) in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 is side plan view further illustrating a single exampleevaporation panel, similar to that shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 , inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view illustrating another alternative exampleevaporation panel system where two evaporation panels are joinedorthogonally together to form an evaporation panel sub-assembly(L-shaped) in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 21A is a front plan view of an example evaporation panel includingenlarged evaporative airflow channels in accordance with the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 21B is an upper left perspective view of the example evaporationpanel of FIG. 21A.

FIG. 21C is a front plan view of an example evaporation panel includingenlarged evaporative airflow channels and cross-supports in accordancewith the present disclosure.

FIG. 21D is an upper left perspective view of the example evaporationpanel of FIG. 21C.

FIG. 22 is a front plan view of an example evaporation panel includingenlarged evaporative airflow channels and cross-supports in accordancewith the present disclosure.

FIG. 23 is a front plan view of another example evaporation panelincluding enlarged evaporative airflow channels and cross-supports inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 24A provides a front plan view, left and right side or end planviews, a top plan view, and a bottom plan view of another exampleevaporation panel with enlarged evaporative airflow channels andcross-supports in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 24B is an upper left perspective view of the example evaporationpanel of FIG. 24A.

FIG. 24C is a front plan view of another example evaporation panel withenlarged evaporative airflow channels and cross-supports in accordancewith the present disclosure.

FIG. 24D is an upper left perspective view of the example evaporationpanel of FIG. 24C.

FIGS. 25A-25D provide various plan or cross-sectional views of anexample security clip in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 26 depicts a cross-sectional view of four example evaporationpanels of an evaporation panel securing system joined together as anexample evaporation panel assembly, with two example operationalassembly configurations shown for one or more security clip inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIGS. 27A-27F provide various plan, perspective, or cross-sectionalviews of an alternative example security clip in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 28 depicts example operational assembly configurations for anexample security clip and an example security pin associated with anevaporation panel securing system or assembly in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 29 depicts a cross-sectional detailed view of portions of twoexample vertically stacked evaporation panels of an example evaporationpanel securing system or assembly, including an example configuration ofan upwardly extending ridge engaged with a downwardly extending ridge,as well as an example pin-receiving opening in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIGS. 30A and 30B provide a close-up view of portions of an exampleevaporation panel, including a front plan view and an upper leftperspective view, respectively, which further details example maleconnector features in accordance with examples of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 31 depicts a cross-sectional view of four example evaporationpanels of an example evaporation panel securing system joined togetheras an example evaporation panel assembly, and which also depicts anexample operational assembly configuration for an example security clipand an example security pin in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIGS. 32A-F provide various plan, perspective, or cross-sectional viewsof yet another alternative example security clip, as well as furtherdetail regarding engagement of the security clip with an example maleconnector engagement groove and an alternative location for placement ofan example security pin in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 33 is a perspective view illustrating an example wastewaterdelivery system including an example evaporator panel sub-assembly(cube-shaped) positioned over a body of wastewater on a platform withvarious example wastewater delivery systems in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 34 is a perspective view illustrating an example wastewaterevaporative separation system including an example evaporator panelassembly (stacked five levels vertically and configured laterally asthat shown in FIG. 12C) positioned over and under example perforatedplatforms in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 35 is a perspective view illustrating two example evaporation panelassemblies spaced apart from one another by a small distance or gap,which can be used as part of an example wastewater evaporativeseparation system, and which provides example structures including astructural stairway, a passageway, upper platforms, and safety barriersor walls, and cantilevered bridging portions, all formed or defined inthis example at least in part from assembled evaporation panels orevaporation panel sub-assemblies in accordance with the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 36 is a top plan view illustrating four example evaporation panelassemblies for use as part of an example wastewater evaporativeseparation system, where the four individual evaporation panelassemblies are grouped together, but spaced apart from one another, by asmall distance or gap in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIGS. 37A-37E provide multiple views of an example bi-directionalchanneling trough of a water delivery trough system in accordance withthe present disclosure.

FIGS. 38A-38E provide multiple views of an example redirectingchanneling trough of a water delivery trough system in accordance withthe present disclosure.

FIGS. 39A-39E provide multiple views of example trough connector clipsin accordance with the present disclosure.

FIGS. 40A-40E provide multiple views of example trough endcap clip inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIGS. 41A-41B illustrate an upper perspective view and a lowerperspective view of a (partially assembled) example water deliverytrough system in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 42 is a top plan view of a (partially assembled) example waterdelivery trough system in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 43 is a side plan view of an example evaporation panel positionedrelative to an example bi-directional channeling trough in accordancewith the present disclosure.

FIG. 44 is a top plan view of an example evaporation panel assemblypositioned relative to (a portion of) a water delivery trough system inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 45A is a top plan view of an example water delivery trough systemconnected together to leave a water supply opening, e.g., over anopening of a vertical support beam assembly of an evaporation panelassembly) in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 45B is a side plan view of an example (partially assembled) waterdelivery trough system with a fluid delivery pipe associated therewithin accordance with the present disclosure.

FIGS. 46A-46G provide multiple views of an example splash containmentshield in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIGS. 47A-47F provide multiple views of an example splash containmentclip in accordance with examples of the present disclosure.

FIG. 48 is a side plan view illustrating the joining of an exampleevaporation panel (e.g., an evaporation panel assembly) with an examplesplash containment system in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 49 is a schematic view of an example evaporative cooling system inaccordance with example of the present disclosure.

FIG. 50 is a schematic view of an example water generation system inaccordance with example of the present disclosure.

FIG. 51 is a schematic view of an alternative example water generationsystem in accordance with example of the present disclosure.

FIG. 52 is a schematic view of an alternative example water generationsystem in accordance with example of the present disclosure.

FIG. 53 is a flow diagram of example environmental applications orgeneral uses for the evaporation panels, evaporation panel systems,evaporation panel securing systems, evaporation panel sub-assemblies,evaporation panel assemblies, groups of evaporation panel assemblies,wastewater evaporative separation systems, evaporative cooling systems,methods, and the like in accordance with example of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with examples of the present disclosure, evaporationpanels, evaporation panel systems, evaporation panel securing systems,evaporation panel sub-assemblies, evaporation panel assemblies, groupsof evaporation panel assemblies, wastewater evaporative separationsystems, evaporative cooling systems, splash containment shields, waterdelivery trough systems, and various methods can be used for theseparation of various solids or other impurities, e.g., oil, sludge,minerals, gas fractions from fracking, chemicals, precipitants, foodbyproducts, metallic particles or colloids, nuclear byproduct, clays andother sediments, etc., from water. Evaporating water from wastewater canbe onerous, taking up a great deal of real estate in the form ofevaporation ponds, and further, can be a slow and/or expensive process.Thus, the present disclosure often provides a faster or more efficientsolution, often using a much smaller footprint for wastewaterevaporation and separation, and often reducing processing times comparedto traditional evaporation ponds.

Furthermore, there are many applications where the enhanced evaporativeproperties provided by the evaporation panels, systems, sub-assemblies,assemblies, etc., can be leveraged with respect to the evaporativecooling of water, or for other purposes than for separation of waterfrom particulates. For example, evaporation can be used to cool waterthat has been heated during various industrial processes, or to coolwater that has been heated during the operation of largeair-conditioning units, etc. Examples of industrial processes orindustrial locations where heated water may be produced, and where theremay be a desire to cool the heated water for recirculation or for someother purpose, include power plants, petrochemical plants, natural gasplants, oil refineries, food processing plants, product manufacturingplants, e.g., semi-conductor plants, industries which use condensers, orthe like. Regarding heat exchangers associated with largeair-conditioning units, large commercial buildings, large data centerswhere equipment should be kept cool, or other similar locations canoften include a cooling tower or other cooling assembly to cool andrecycle heated water for continued operation of the commercial airconditioning units, for example.

In accordance with the present disclosure, evaporation panels can beconfigured to receive wastewater at or near a top portion thereof (e.g.,spraying, distributing with a distribution pan, pouring, filling, etc.).Thus, various upper surfaces of the evaporation panel can “fill up” withthe wastewater, and as the water efficiently evaporates due to the highsurface area to volume (of the wastewater) ratio, the contaminants orother materials to be separated therefrom can effectively work their waydownward as more wastewater is added at or near the top. This processcan be carried out in stages (wastewater added periodically), or theprocess can be continuous (wastewater added on an ongoing basis), or acombination of both (continuous addition of wastewater with periodicbreaks), for example.

Thus, in accordance with the present disclosure, an evaporation panelcan include an evaporation shelf that is laterally elongated andhorizontally oriented (when in use) and can include an upper surface anda lower surface. The evaporation panel can also include a secondevaporation shelf that is laterally elongated and positioned in parallelbeneath the evaporation shelf, and can also include a second uppersurface. A support column can be positioned between the firstevaporation shelf and the second evaporation shelf. The support columncan include a plurality of stacked and spaced apart evaporation finsoriented in parallel with the evaporation shelf.

In one example, the evaporation fins can be spaced apart leaving a gapsuitable to leverage the surface tension of water relative to thematerial used to form the evaporation fins. If the spacing isappropriate, the wastewater can fill the gap, forming a vertical watercolumn supported by the evaporation fins relative to the surface tensionof the wastewater. In another example, the first lower surface caninclude a downwardly extending ridge for facilitating wastewater releasefrom the first lower surface. In another example, the second uppersurface can include an upwardly extending ridge for facilitatingwastewater movement from the second upper surface along a generallydownward cascading path of wastewater therebeneath. The upper surfaceand the lower surface can be generally flat, and thus, the loading ofwastewater thereon can form a layer that thinly fills the upper surfacecommensurate in thickness to that provided by the surface tension of thewastewater. If the upper surface is not flat, but is slightly angled orconvex, or conversely is slightly concave, the thickness of thewastewater layer can be subtly adjusted, e.g., from 60% to 140% thethickness of a layer of wastewater when applied to a flat surface of thesame material. Normally, since the upper surface of the evaporationshelf is generally horizontally flat, the thickness provided by thesurface tension of the wastewater on the material of the evaporationshelf contributes to the total wastewater loading volume. In furtherdetail, the lower surface can also be used to load wastewater using thesurface tension of the wastewater, and can also be generallyhorizontally flat. However, in one example, the lower surface of theevaporation shelf can have a slope of from greater than 0° to about 5°.In another example, the evaporation panel can include a thirdevaporation shelf positioned (directly, in one example) beneath thesecond evaporation shelf, the third evaporation shelf including a thirdupper surface for receiving the wastewater from the second lowersurface. Notably, wastewater can also be cascaded down from evaporationshelf to evaporation shelf via the evaporation support column, whichincludes the evaporation fins that also retain and pass along wastewaterin a generally downward direction. In further detail, the evaporationpanel can include from 3 to 36 evaporation shelves, each including itsown evaporation shelf and each separate from at least one otherevaporation shelf by stacked and spaced apart horizontal evaporationfins. As a note, the uppermost evaporation shelf and the lowermostevaporation shelf can often be used for vertically stacking twoevaporation panels, and thus, when stacked, an uppermost evaporationshelf at a top of an evaporation panel can be effectively used as asupport structure to support a lowermost evaporation shelf at a bottomof another evaporation panel. Thus, the respective uppermost evaporationshelf and lowermost evaporation shelf become effectively joined to forma single evaporation shelf that is common to both evaporation panels.

In another example, a support column for separating and supportingevaporation shelves of an evaporation panel is disclosed and described.The support column can include a first evaporation fin having a firstflat upper surface that is horizontally oriented (when in use); a secondevaporation fin having a second flat upper surface and positioned inparallel to and spaced apart at from 0.3 cm to 0.7 cm beneath the firstevaporation fin; and a third evaporation fin having a third flat uppersurface positioned in parallel to and spaced apart at from 0.3 cm to 0.7cm beneath the second evaporation fin. The support column can alsoinclude a support beam supporting the first evaporation fin directlyover the second evaporation fin, and the second evaporation fin directlyover the third evaporation fin. There can be, for example, any number ofevaporation fins that may be practical, e.g., 3 to 20, 4 to 16, 4 to 12,5 to 10, etc.

In one example, the first evaporation fin, the second evaporation fin,and the third evaporation fin can be substantially the same shape, orcan have a different lateral dimension (e.g., side to side and/or frontto back) and/or different horizontal surface area at the upper surface.In one example, the evaporation fins can be spaced apart so that whenwastewater is loaded thereon, a vertical water column is formed as aresult of a surface tension of wastewater between and about theevaporation fins. Example shapes that can be used include, laterally(x-y axes looking at evaporation fins from above) the shape of aperpendicular cross-section of an airfoil, a circle, an ellipse, asquare, a rectangle, etc. When the evaporation fins are substantiallythe same size, such as in the shape of the perpendicular cross-sectionof an airfoil, when a water column forms thereon, the outer (horizontal)shape of the evaporation fin can facilitate the water column itself informing a vertically oriented airfoil, e.g., see FIGS. 15 and 16 .

In another example, an evaporation panel can include a series ofevaporation shelves that are laterally elongated and stacked in verticalalignment; and a series of support columns that are vertically orientedand positioned along the evaporation shelves to provide support to andseparation between evaporation shelves. The series of evaporationshelves and the series of support columns can form a generally grid-likestructure that defines a plurality of open spaces. The evaporation panelcan also include a plurality of male connectors positioned at lateralends of the grid-like structure.

In one specific example, the support column can include a plurality ofstacked and spaced apart horizontal evaporation fins and/or evaporationshelves, and the support columns can further define or provide a borderto open spaces (or female-receiving openings) of the grid-likestructure. In further detail, the evaporation panel can include one ormore male connector and one or more female-receiving opening fororthogonally coupling multiple evaporation panels together. Thefemale-receiving opening can be one of a plurality of female-receivingopenings that also can function as an open space when not orthogonallycoupled to a male connector of another evaporation panel. In onespecific example, individual open spaces (which includes used or unusedfemale-receiving openings as well as other open spaces that might bepresent for airflow having a relative size no more than about four timeslarger or smaller than the female-receiving openings) can have anaverage area opening size, and the evaporation panel can further includean enlarged evaporative airflow channel (or even two enlargedevaporative airflow channels) that (each) has/have a channel area atleast eight (8) times larger than the average area opening size, e.g., 8to 80 times larger, 10 to 60 times larger, 10 to 40 times larger, 20 to40 times larger, etc.

The evaporation panels of the present disclosure can be prepared usingvarious materials, but in one example, it can be prepared as a singlemonolithic part of any suitable plastic material, such as polyethylene(e.g., HDPE), polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or a mixture ofmultiple plastics or other materials as a composite. In some examples,the evaporation panel can be surface treated to generate a more polarsurface compared to an inner core or portion of the plastic material.Surface treatments can include flame treatment, chemical treatment,plasma treatment, corona treatment, primer application, reactivefluorine gas treatment, etc. For example, a reactive fluorine gasprocess can generate a fluoro-oxidated surface, which can be present ata surface depth from 10 nm to 20 μm. In one example, the surfacetreatment can provide to the surface thereof a surface energy from 60dyne/cm to 75 dyne/cm.

In another example, a method of separating contaminants from wastewatercan include loading wastewater on a horizontal upper surface of alaterally elongated evaporation shelf to initiate a flow path ofwastewater containing a contaminant; and flowing the wastewater alongthe flow path from the upper surface around a beveled side rim, and thento one or both of a downward facing lower surface of the evaporationshelf or vertically aligned evaporation fins positioned beneath theevaporation shelf. Other steps can include flowing or releasing thewastewater along the flow path from the lower surface of the evaporationshelf to one or both of the evaporation fins or a horizontal secondupper surface of a laterally elongated second evaporation shelfpositioned directly beneath the evaporation shelf; and moving thecontaminant along the flow path while water is evaporating from thewastewater, thus causing the contaminant to move generally downwardwhile increasing in concentration within the wastewater due to waterevaporation.

In still another example, a method of separating contaminants fromwastewater can (which can be combined or used to modify the prior methodexample) can include loading wastewater on an upward facing uppersurface of an evaporation shelf; and flowing the wastewater along a flowpath from the upper surface around a beveled side rim and onto adownward facing lower surface of the evaporation shelf. The path cancontinue along the lower surface and onto evaporation fins of a verticalsupport column, and from the evaporation fins onto a second uppersurface of a second evaporation shelf positioned beneath the evaporationshelf. The method can also include evaporating water from the wastewaterwhile the wastewater is flowing down along the flow path.

In these method examples, in one example, the upper surface can begenerally flat, or even generally subtly concave or convex. The uppersurface of at least some of the evaporation shelves can include anupwardly extending ridge that traverses a longitudinal length of theupper surface that can prevent the wastewater from pooling toward acenterline thereof or from evacuating the surface prematurely. The lowersurface can also be generally flat (or subtly concave or convex), butcan also be sloped from horizontal at from greater than 0° to 5°. Thelower surface can include a downwardly extending ridge that traverses alength of the lower surface, and the downwardly extending ridge can bothact to release wastewater therebeneath and can guide wastewater alongthe lower surface toward the vertical support column. The evaporationfins can be vertically spaced apart at from 0.2 cm to 1 cm, but moretypically from 0.3 cm to 0.7 cm. In certain examples, the evaporationfins can be spaced apart so that when water is loaded thereon, avertical water column is formed. The evaporation fins can have aconfiguration as described elsewhere herein, including square,rectangular, circular, elliptical, etc. In one example, the horizontalupper surface can have the shape of a perpendicular cross-section of anairfoil. Thus, when the vertical water column forms, the vertical watercolumn can have the shape of a vertical airfoil.

In further detail, the flow path can continue from the second uppersurface around a second beveled side rim and onto a downward facingsecond lower surface of the second evaporation shelf, along the secondlower surface and onto the second evaporation fins of a second verticalsupport column, and from the second evaporation fins onto a third uppersurface of a third evaporation shelf positioned beneath the secondevaporation shelf, and so forth. For example, the flow path can deliverwastewater to at least four (4) vertically stacked evaporation shelvesthat are spaced apart by support columns, and the support columns canalso be configured with evaporation fins that deliver at least a portionof the wastewater from evaporation shelf to evaporation shelf. Thus, themethod can generally include moving contaminants along the flow pathwhile the water is evaporating therefrom, thus causing the contaminantsto move generally downward while increasing in concentration.Furthermore, to facilitate evaporation, the first evaporation shelf andthe second evaporation shelf can vertically define, e.g., border, anopen space, and the support column and a second support column canhorizontally define, e.g., border, the open space. There can typicallybe a plurality of open spaces configured similarly, for example. Thus,the method can include flowing air through the open space or the openspaces to facilitate water evaporation. In another more specificexample, to provide still more additional airflow, the vertical supportcolumns and/or evaporation shelves (and/or evaporation fins in someexamples) can generally define, e.g., border, an enlarged evaporativeairflow channel having a channel area at least eight (8) times largerthan an average area of the open spaces. Thus, the method can alsoinclude flowing air through the enlarged evaporative airflow channel(the relative areas can be measured as the perpendicular plane to thehorizontal airflow through the open spaces and the enlarged evaporativeairflow channel). Evaporative fins, vertical support column, and/orevaporation shelves can also generally define or border a secondenlarged evaporative airflow channel having a channel area that is alsoat least eight times larger than an average area of the open space, andthus, the method can further include flowing air through the secondenlarged evaporative airflow channel.

In other examples, an evaporation panel system can include a pluralityof evaporation panels, wherein a first evaporation panel and a secondevaporation panel of the plurality of evaporation panels canindividually include a plurality of evaporation shelves that arelaterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apart from one another,and horizontally oriented; and a plurality of vertical support columnscan be positioned laterally along the plurality of evaporation shelvesto provide support and separation to the plurality of evaporationshelves. Furthermore, a plurality of female-receiving openings can bepresent and can be individually defined or bordered by two evaporationshelves and two support columns, as well as a plurality of maleconnectors positioned at lateral ends of both the first evaporationpanel and the second evaporation panel. The first evaporation panel andthe second evaporation panel can be orthogonally connectable via themale connectors of the first evaporation panel and the female-receivingopenings of the second evaporation panel.

In another example, an evaporation panel system can include a pluralityof evaporation panels, each of the plurality of evaporation panelsincluding a series of vertically stacked, laterally elongatedevaporation shelves; and a series of vertically oriented support columnspositioned along the elongated evaporation shelves to provide supportand separation between the series of evaporation shelves. Theevaporation shelves and the support columns can form a grid-likestructure which define or provide borders to a plurality ofsubstantially square or rectangular female receiving openings. Theevaporation panel system can also include a plurality of male connectorspositioned at lateral ends of the laterally elongated evaporationshelves, wherein the male connectors can be adapted to releasably joinor lock in place with selected female receiving openings of anotherorthogonally oriented evaporation panel.

In another similar example (which can be used to combine with the priorevaporation panel system or substitute structural components therewith),an evaporation panel system can include a plurality of evaporationpanels, wherein a first evaporation panel and a second evaporation panelof the plurality of evaporation panels each include a plurality ofhorizontal evaporation shelves that are laterally elongated, stackedvertically, and spaced apart vertically with respect to one another; anda plurality of vertical support columns supporting the plurality ofhorizontal evaporation shelves. The evaporation panels can also includea plurality of female-receiving openings individually defined orbordered by two evaporation shelves and two support columns, as well asa plurality of male connectors positioned laterally at ends of theplurality of evaporation panels. The male connectors of the firstevaporation panel can be adapted to be releasably joined or releasablylocked in place when the first evaporation panel is orthogonally joinedwith female-receiving openings of the second evaporation panel. Theevaporation panel system can also include a security fastener to secureat least one male connector within at least one female-receivingopening. Thus, when the security fastener is in place, the firstevaporation panel that is otherwise adapted to be releasably joined orreleasably locked in place becomes locked in place. Examples of securityfasteners that can be used include a specially designed security clipand/or a security pin.

With regard to the various evaporation panel systems generally, when theevaporation panels are joined or otherwise releasably joined (or lockedtogether with a security fastener), the evaporation panel system can bereferred to more specifically as an evaporation panel sub-assembly or anevaporation panel assembly. Thus, the evaporation panel systemsdescribed herein can include a first evaporation panel orthogonallyconnected to a second evaporation panel to form an evaporation panelsub-assembly, such an L-shaped sub-assembly or a T-shaped sub-assembly.

Thus, the present disclosure is also drawn to evaporation panelsub-assemblies, that can include a plurality of evaporation panelslaterally joined together to form a unit structure that is about oneevaporation panel wide, one evaporation panel deep, and one evaporationpanel high, as will be described in greater detail hereinafter.Individual evaporation panels of the sub-assemblies can include aplurality of evaporation shelves that are laterally elongated,vertically stacked, spaced apart from one another, and horizontallyoriented; and a plurality of vertical support columns positionedlaterally along the plurality of evaporation shelves to provide supportand separation to the plurality of evaporation shelves. The individualevaporation panels can also include a plurality of female-receivingopenings which are individually bordered by two evaporation shelves andtwo support columns; and a plurality of male connectors positioned atboth lateral ends of the respective evaporation panel. The sub-assemblycan include a first evaporation panel and a second evaporation panel,wherein one or more male connector at one lateral end of the firstevaporation panel can be connected to one or more correspondingfemale-receiving openings.

In further detail, the plurality of evaporation panels can also includea third evaporation panel (which can include evaporation shelves,support columns, female-receiving openings, male connectors, etc.),wherein the first evaporation panel can be orthogonally connected to thesecond evaporation panel and the third evaporation panel to form anevaporation panel sub-assembly, such as a comb-shaped sub-assembly(U-shaped, E-shaped, single panel spine with multiple orthogonallyconnected evaporation panel teeth, e.g., from 2 to 15 teeth, from 2 to 8teeth, from 3 to 8 teeth, etc., two panel spines in parallel at each endof multiple orthogonally connected evaporation panel teeth, e.g., from 2to 15 teeth, from 2 to 7 teeth, from 3 to 7 teeth, etc.). In onespecific type of comb-shaped sub-assembly, the sub-assembly can becube-shaped, which can be viewed as a comb-shaped sub-assembly with asecond panel spine (in parallel, one at each end of the “teeth”evaporation panels.

The evaporation sub-assembly can also be a pi-shaped sub-assembly. Forexample, a pi-shaped sub-assembly can include an evaporation panel spineand multiple orthogonally connected evaporation panel teeth, e.g., from2 to 13 teeth, from 2 to 7 teeth, from 3 to 7 teeth, from 4 to 7 teeth,etc. In this sub-assembly configuration, the evaporation panel “spine”(to which the multiple “teeth” are joined therein) can include aplurality of vertically aligned female-receiving openings, wherein bothlaterally outermost vertically aligned female-receiving openings remaindisconnected with respect to the male connectors of any of theevaporation panel teeth. In further detail, the two outermostevaporation panel “teeth” can be respectively positioned, for example,one position in from the outermost vertically aligned female-receivingopenings (symmetrical), or two positions in from the outermostvertically aligned female-receiving openings (symmetrical), or oneposition in on one side of the pi-shaped sub-assembly spine and threepositions in on the other side of the pi-shaped sub-assembly spine(asymmetrical). In these types of configurations, the pi-shapedsub-assembly can be joined together to form vertical support beamassemblies, e.g., at least 4 pi-shaped sub-assemblies can be joinedtogether to form 1 (or more) vertical support beam assembly, or at least9 pi-shaped sub-assemblies (some symmetrical and some asymmetrical) canbe joined together to form 4 (or more) vertical support beam assemblies.In further detail, even more pi-shaped sub-assemblies can be joinedtogether to form an evaporation panel assembly with both verticalsupport beam assemblies and vertical airshafts, which vertical airshaftscan be, for example, about as large as one sub-assembly unit.

Regardless of the types of sub-assemblies formed, they can be joinedtogether to form more complex evaporation panel assemblies. For example,with a cube-shaped sub-assembly, a comb-shaped sub-assembly, a pi-shapedsub-assembly, an L-shaped sub-assembly, etc., can be joined to form two(or more) adjacently joined sub-assemblies, or evaporation panelassemblies. Evaporation panel assemblies can also be formed by stackingevaporation panels, evaporation panel sub-assemblies, evaporation panelassembly levels, etc.

In another example, an evaporation panel assembly can include aplurality of evaporation panel sub-assemblies or a plurality ofindividual evaporation panels laterally joined together to form astructure that is larger than the evaporation panel sub-assembly.Individual evaporation panels can include a plurality of evaporationshelves that are laterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apartfrom one another, and horizontally oriented; a plurality of verticalsupport columns positioned laterally along the plurality of evaporationshelves to provide support and separation to the plurality ofevaporation shelves; a plurality of female-receiving openings which canbe individually bordered by two evaporation shelves and two supportcolumns; and a plurality of male connectors positioned at both lateralends of the respective evaporation panel joined at one or both ends withcorresponding female-receiving openings of orthogonally orientedevaporation panels.

Thus, a plurality of evaporation panel sub-assemblies can be laterallyjoined to form a first level of an evaporation panel assembly, ormultiple levels thereon. Additional evaporation panel sub-assemblies canalso be laterally joined and stacked on the first level to form a secondlevel of the evaporation panel assembly, and so forth. For example,still more additional evaporation panel sub-assemblies can be laterallyjoined and stacked on the second level to form from 1 to 48 additionallevels of the evaporation panel assembly, or from 1 to 38 additionallevels, or from 1 to 22 additional levels, or from 2 to 22 additionallevels, or from 4 to 30 additional levels, or from 4 to 30 additionallevels, etc. When building evaporation panel assemblies as high as 32levels, for example, a great deal of weight can generate downward forceon particularly the lowermost evaporation panel assembly levels. Thus,particularly with very high assemblies, e.g., at least 24 feet, at least32 feet, at least 40 feet, at least 48 feet, at least 56 feet, at least64 feet, etc., larger sub-part dimensions of the individual evaporationpanels can provide support, e.g., deeper evaporation shelves, largersupport columns, etc., such that more material may be generally used toform each individual evaporation panel. Also, design configuration,e.g., how the evaporation panels are assembled, can also provide addedstrength to a very high evaporation panel assembly. It has been found,for example, that the pi-shaped sub-assembly provides the greatestpotential for building very high evaporation panel sub-assemblies. Thismay be partly because the pi-shaped sub-assembly allows for theformation of vertical support beam assemblies, as will be described ingreater detail hereafter.

In still further detail, the evaporation panel systems of the presentdisclosure can include a second evaporation panel assembly positionedimmediately adjacent to a first evaporation panel assembly, but not incontact therewith. For example, a gap of from ½ to 12 inches, or from 1to 6 inches, can remain between two adjacent evaporation panelassemblies. Various structural features can be formed in the evaporationpanel assemblies, such as stairways, passageways, rooms, barriers orwalls, cantilevered bridges, platforms, etc.

Various methods of assembling evaporation panel systems to formevaporation panel sub-assemblies or assemblies can include assemblingevaporation panels in connection with one or more of the evaporationpanel systems described herein. For example, the method can includeorthogonally orienting the first evaporation panel with respect to thesecond evaporation panel, and releasably joining the male connectors ofthe first evaporation panel with corresponding female-receiving openingsof the second evaporation panel to form an evaporation panelsub-assembly or assembly.

In one example, at least two (2) discrete evaporation panels (e.g., from2 to 10 evaporation panels, at least 10 evaporation panels, at least 50evaporation panels, at least 500 evaporation panels, at least 5,000evaporation panels, at least 10,000 evaporation panels, etc.) can bereleasably joined together as one or more evaporation panel sub-assemblyand/or as an evaporation panel assembly. In one example, a first portionof the evaporation panels (e.g. of 50, 500, 5,000, 10,000, etc.) can bereleasably joined together laterally, and a second portion of which canbe releasably joined together laterally and stacked on top of the firstportion to form a multi-level evaporation panel assembly. A thirdportion of the evaporation panels can be releasably joined togetherlaterally and stacked on top of the second portion to form a third levelof the multi-level evaporation panel assembly, and so forth, e.g.,evaporation panel assembly (tower) at least 4 levels high, e.g., from 4to 32 levels high or even higher limited only by safety concerns and therelative strength of the evaporation panel assemblies.

In another example, an evaporation panel securing system can include aplurality of evaporation panels. A first evaporation panel and a secondevaporation panel of the plurality of evaporation panels canindividually include a plurality of evaporation shelves that arelaterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apart from one another,and horizontally oriented; a plurality of vertical support columnspositioned laterally along the plurality of evaporation shelves toprovide support and separation to the plurality of evaporation shelves;a plurality of female-receiving openings individually bordered by twoevaporation shelves and two support columns; and a plurality of maleconnectors positioned laterally at ends of the plurality of evaporationpanels, wherein the male connectors of the first evaporation panel arereleasably joinable with female-receiving openings of the secondevaporation panel. The evaporation panel securing system can furtherinclude a security fastener (such as a security clip or a security pin)to secure a male connector of the first evaporation panel within afemale-receiving opening of the second evaporation panel in anorthogonally joined orientation, or to secure the second evaporationpanel on top of the first evaporation panel in a vertically stackedorientation.

A related method of securing evaporation panels together can includereleasably joining a first evaporation panel orthogonally with respectto a second evaporation panel by inserting a male connector of the firstevaporation panel into a female-receiving opening of the secondevaporation panel; and locking the male connector in place within thefemale-receiving opening by engaging a security fastener with the maleconnector that is within the female-receiving opening.

With respect to the evaporation panel securing system and relatedmethod, a security fastener can be operationally engagable with the maleconnector and the female-receiving opening so that the first evaporationpanel becomes locked in place with respect to the second evaporationpanel at the male connector positioned within female-receiving openingwhen in the orthogonally joined orientation. For example, a security pincan be operationally engagable with the male connector and at least twoevaporation shelves that partially define the female-receiving openingwhen in the orthogonally joined orientation. Alternatively oradditionally, security clip can be operationally engagable with the maleconnector and at least two evaporation shelves that partially define thefemale-receiving opening when in the orthogonally joined orientation.The security clip can alternatively be operationally engagable to securethe second evaporation panel in place on top of the first evaporationpanel when in the vertically stacked orientation. If there are threeevaporation panels, e.g., a first, second, and third evaporation panel(configured the same as the first evaporation panel and the secondevaporation panel), then when the security fastener is in place, thesecurity fastener (e.g., security clip) can secure the first evaporationpanel to the second evaporation panel in the orthogonally joinedorientation, and at the same time and location also secures the thirdevaporation panel to the second evaporation panel in a verticallystacked orientation.

In another example, a wastewater remediation or evaporative separationsystem can include an evaporation panel assembly (which includes asingle sub-assembly, for example) including at least ten (10) discreteevaporation panels laterally joined together and positioned in fluidcommunication with body of wastewater. The evaporation panel assemblycan be configured for receiving wastewater from the body of wastewaterand evaporating water therefrom as the wastewater cascades down theevaporation panel assembly and contaminants generally become moreconcentrated. The wastewater remediation or evaporative separationsystem can also include a wastewater delivery system fluidly associatedwith the body of wastewater. The wastewater delivery system can includea fluid directing assembly for delivering wastewater from the body ofwastewater to an upper portion of the evaporation panel assembly. Any ofthe features described herein with respect to individual evaporationpanels, evaporation panel systems, evaporation panel sub-assemblies,evaporation panel assemblies, evaporation panel securing systems, etc.,can be used with the wastewater evaporative separation systems describedherein.

In one example, the evaporation panel assembly can include at leastfifty (50) discrete evaporation panels or at least five hundred (500)evaporation panels (or at least 1,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000,20,000, etc.), a first portion of which are laterally joined togetherand a second portion of which are laterally joined together stacked ontop of the first portion. In one example, a third portion third portioncan be laterally joined together and stacked on top of the secondportion, and so forth. The body of wastewater can be a pond, river, orlake, for example. The wastewater evaporative separation system canfurther include a platform supporting the evaporation panel assembly,and/or a platform on a top thereof. The platform(s) can be perforated orincludes voids for allowing wastewater to pass therethrough, e.g.,returning wastewater therethrough when wastewater reaches the bottom ofthe evaporation panel assembly, or allowing wastewater loading at ornear a top of the evaporation panel assembly. The (bottom) platform, forexample, can be positioned over a body of wastewater, floating on a bodyof wastewater, on a dry or land surface next to the body of wastewater,etc. “Dry” can include solid surfaces, even if loaded with water orother liquid, e.g., mud or clay. In another example, the body ofwastewater can be in a vessel or other container. The body of water canbe at a lower elevation with respect to the evaporation panel assembly,and the wastewater delivery system can further include a pump to deliverthe wastewater from the body of wastewater to the upper portion. Thebody of water can alternatively be at a higher elevation with respect tothe evaporation panel assembly, and the wastewater can be gravity fedfrom the body of wastewater to the upper portion. In one example, thebody of wastewater can even be filled from a remote source body ofwastewater. Plumbing or fluid directing assemblies can be used fordelivery, and can include fluid directing piping, sprayer nozzles,distribution pans, vents, valves, etc., for delivering the wastewater tothe top portion or top thereof, for example. Thus, evaporation panelassemblies can be configured as described generally throughout thespecification, e.g., evaporation panels can be releasably joined or evenlocked together using security clips or other security fasteners tosecure the evaporation panels together. Sub-assemblies can be formed ofvarious configurations and used to form larger evaporation panelassemblies of varying complexity, as will be described herein after ingreater detail.

In a few specific examples, the evaporation panel assembly of thewastewater evaporative separation system can be located on-site adjacentto an industrial process that generates the wastewater. For example, ifthe industrial process is related to oil or gas drilling, wastewater canbe separated from oil or gas on-site, as conventionally done orotherwise, and can be deliverable to the body of wastewater on-sitewithout trucking or the use of a mobile carrier (automobiles, trains,etc.) to deliver the wastewater to the body of water. When theindustrial process is related to a mining operation, wastewater usedform mining can be deliverable to the body of wastewater on-site withouttrucking or the use of a mobile carrier of any type for on-siteevaporative separation. Wastewater generated from plants or otheroperations that can benefit from this can include, without limitation,mining, sewage, utility, oil production, gas production, lithium ponds,gray water, lithium production, cooling towers, dairy farm pond waste,olive oil pond waste, leaching pond waste, thermoelectric/coolingwastewater, salt water evaporation, artificial lake remediation, produceproduction, pesticides, or combinations thereof.

In still another example, a method of evaporative separating wastewatercan include loading wastewater including a contaminant at an upperportion of an evaporation panel assembly, flowing the wastewater along agenerally downward cascading flow path from evaporation shelf toevaporation shelf, and evaporating water from the wastewater, therebyconcentrating the contaminant in the wastewater as the wastewaterfollows the generally downward cascading flow path. The evaporationpanel assembly can include at least 10 individual evaporation panelslaterally joined together. Individual evaporation panels can include: aplurality of evaporation shelves that are laterally elongated,vertically stacked, spaced apart from one another, and horizontallyoriented; and a plurality of vertical support columns positionedlaterally along the plurality of evaporation shelves to provide supportand separation to the plurality of evaporation shelves.

This method can further include collecting wastewater from a body ofwastewater after loading, flowing, and evaporating; and channeling thewastewater from the body of wastewater back to the upper portion foranother cycle of loading, flowing, and evaporating. In further detail,the body of wastewater can be located adjacent to awastewater-generating industrial plant or operation, and the evaporationassembly can be located on or adjacent to the body of wastewater. Thus,the method can include evaporative separating the wastewater on-siteadjacent to the wastewater-generating industrial plant or operationwithout the use of trucks or other mobile carriers to provide wastewaterto the body of wastewater.

In still further detail, a method of evaporative concentration of acompound in water can include loading wastewater including the compoundon an upper portion of an evaporation panel assembly, the evaporationpanel assembly including multiple individual evaporation panelslaterally joined together. The individual evaporation panels can includea plurality of horizontally oriented evaporation shelves that arelaterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apart from one another,and a plurality of vertical support columns positioned laterally alongthe plurality of evaporation shelves to provide support and separationto the plurality of evaporation shelves. The method can further includeflowing the wastewater along a downward cascading flow path fromevaporation shelf to evaporation shelf, evaporating water from thewastewater, thereby concentrating the compound in the wastewater as thewastewater follows the downward cascading flow path. The method can, insome examples include, collecting the wastewater in a body of wastewaterand pumping wastewater from the body of wastewater back to the upperportion for another cycle of loading, flowing, and evaporating. Inanother example, the method can include adding additional wastewaterfrom a second body of wastewater to the body of wastewater; andcontinuing concentrating the compound from the wastewater present in thebody of wastewater, wherein the wastewater includes added water from thesecond body of wastewater. The body of wastewater or the second body ofwastewater can be a wastewater landfill dumping site associated withmining operations, in one example. In another example, the compoundincludes a precious metal selected from gold, silver, platinum, orpalladium; or can include cobalt, nickel, lithium, uranium, rhodium,iridium, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, rhenium, or indium; or caninclude a salt. The salt can be concentrated from brine or brackishwater for disposal, or the salt can be collected as the mineral complexof interest. The structure of the evaporation panel assembly can includeany of the features as described in greater detail herein.

In another example, a method of treating wastewater associated with oilor gas production can include receiving oil or gas admixed with water;separating the oil or gas from the water to leave a byproduct ofwastewater; and loading the wastewater on an evaporation panel assembly.The evaporation panel assembly can include multiple individualevaporation panels laterally joined together. The individual evaporationpanels can include a plurality of horizontally oriented evaporationshelves that are laterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apartfrom one another, and a plurality of vertical support columns positionedlaterally along the plurality of evaporation shelves to provide supportand separation to the plurality of evaporation shelves. The method canfurther include flowing the wastewater along a downward cascading flowpath from evaporation shelf to evaporation shelf, and evaporating waterfrom the wastewater as the wastewater follows the downward cascadingflow path. The step of separating the oil or gas from the water as wellas loading the wastewater on the evaporation panel assembly can occuron-site where the oil or gas is collected without vehicle transport ofthe wastewater. The oil or gas can be separated (such as by phaseseparation) from the water in a vessel, and the vessel can be fluidlycoupled to the evaporation panel assembly to direct wastewater from thevessel to the evaporation panel assembly. This method can furtherinclude the preliminary step of injecting water into the earth forsecondary oil recovery or hydraulic fracturing. The structure of theevaporation panel assembly can include any of the features as describedin greater detail herein.

In another example, a method of treating wastewater generated inassociation with a mining operation can include receiving wastewatergenerated from the mining operation which includes water and particulategeological material; and loading the wastewater on an evaporation panelassembly, which can include multiple individual evaporation panelslaterally joined together. The individual evaporation panels can includea plurality of horizontally oriented evaporation shelves that arelaterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apart from one another,as well as a plurality of vertical support columns positioned laterallyalong the plurality of evaporation shelves to provide support andseparation to the plurality of evaporation shelves. The method canfurther include flowing the wastewater along a downward cascading flowpath from evaporation shelf to evaporation shelf, and evaporating waterfrom the wastewater as the wastewater follows the downward cascadingflow path. The particulate geological material can be any material ofinterest to concentrate, or can be the gangue. The mining operation canbe a surface mining operation, or can be a sub-surface mining operation,or a combination of both. The wastewater can include, for example,mining tailings. In some examples, the wastewater that may be used caninclude chemicals added for the mining operation, e.g., chemicals addedfor in-situ leaching, smelting, electrolytic reduction, or a combinationthereof. The structure of the evaporation panel assembly can include anyof the features as described in greater detail herein. In anotherexample, an evaporative cooling system can include an evaporation panelassembly including a plurality of individual evaporation panelslaterally joined together and fluidly coupable to a body of water thatis cyclically heated by an industrial system. The evaporative coolingsystem can be configured to cyclically deliver heated water from theindustrial system to an upper surface of the evaporation panel assembly.As the water cascades down the evaporation panel assembly, the heatedwater cools as a result of evaporation to be reused to cool theindustrial system. As a definitional matter, the term “heated” waterrefers to the relative temperature of the water after interaction withthe industrial system when loaded on the evaporation panel assemblycompared to a cooler temperature of the water once it has cascadedthrough the evaporation panel assembly and is delivered out at thebottom. In one example, the industrial system can include a heatexchanger of an air conditioning system. In another example, theindustrial system can include one or more component of a computer systemor a data room housing a computer system; or component or system of apower plant; component or system of a chemical plant, a petrochemicalplant, an oil refinery, a natural gas plan, or a food processing plant;or a component or system of a product manufacturing plant. The structureof the evaporation panel assembly can include any of the features asdescribed in greater detail herein, e.g., the evaporation panel assemblyincludes at least 50 discrete evaporation panels, a first portion ofwhich are laterally joined together and a second portion of which arelaterally joined together stacked on top of the first portion (or builtwith an even larger footprint or stacked higher than two levels, etc.);or pi-shaped sub-assemblies which are laterally joined together to formfour or more (or nine or more) vertical support beam assemblies; orevaporation panels comprise a plastic material which may be surfacetreated to provide surface energy from 60 dyne/cm to 75 dyne/cm, etc. Inone example, the evaporation panel assembly can include verticalairshafts, such as those shown in FIG. 36 , and in still other examples,a cooling fan can be used which may be also associated with the verticalairshafts. The evaporative cooling system can further include a fluiddirecting assembly for outflowing cooled water from beneath theevaporation panel assembly and inflowing the heated water (afterinteraction with the heat generating industrial system) to a fluiddelivery device above the evaporation panel assembly.

In another example, a method of cooling an industrial system can includeloading water heated by one or more components of the industrial systemon an evaporation panel assembly, the evaporation panel assemblyincluding multiple individual evaporation panels laterally joinedtogether. The individual evaporation panels can include a plurality ofhorizontally oriented evaporation shelves that are laterally elongated,vertically stacked, spaced apart from one another, and a plurality ofvertical support columns positioned laterally along the plurality ofevaporation shelves to provide support and separation to the pluralityof evaporation shelves. The method can further include flowing the wateralong a downward cascading flow path from evaporation shelf toevaporation shelf; evaporating water from the water as the water followsthe downward cascading flow path to generate cooled water; recirculatingthe cooled water to the one or more component associated with theindustrial system to cool the one or more component; and after beingre-heated by the one or more component, loading the water heated by theone or more component back on the evaporation panel assembly.

In another example, a water generation system can include an atmosphericwater generator including a condensation component for condensinghumidified air to generate water; and an evaporation panel assemblyadapted to receive and cascade water downward from an upper evaporationshelf to a series of lower evaporation shelves positioned therebeneath.Evaporation of the water during the cascade can modify a relative dryambient atmosphere to a relative (cooled and) humidified atmosphere. Therelative humidified atmosphere generated by the evaporation panelassembly can be fluidly coupled to the condensation component. In oneexample, the atmospheric water generator can be a cooling-typecondensation atmospheric water generator, and in another example, it canbe a desiccant-type atmospheric water generator. The atmospheric watergenerator can further include one or more of a mechanical air filter, acarbon filter, a light-energy pathogen treatment device, an ozonator, ora food-grade coating, e.g., on condenser coils, pipes, or vessels. Thewater generation system can be adapted for desalination of brine orbrackish water (or any other type of “wastewater” that is not potable.In another example, the evaporation panel assembly includes a pluralityof evaporation panels arranged in evaporation panel sub-assemblies. Thestructure of the evaporation panel assembly can include any of thefeatures as described in greater detail herein.

In another example, a method of generating potable water from air caninclude loading non-potable water on an evaporation panel assembly, theevaporation panel assembly including multiple individual evaporationpanels laterally joined together. The individual evaporation panels caninclude a plurality of horizontally oriented evaporation shelves thatare laterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apart from oneanother, and a plurality of vertical support columns positionedlaterally along the plurality of evaporation shelves to provide supportand separation to the plurality of evaporation shelves. The method canfurther include flowing the non-potable water along a downward cascadingflow path from evaporation shelf to evaporation shelf; evaporating waterfrom the water as the water follows the downward cascading flow path toinduce humidified air; and directing the humidified air into anatmospheric water generator including a condensation component forcondensing the humidified air to generate water. In one example, themethod can further include recirculating the non-potable water onto theevaporation panel assembly to continue generating the humidified air.The air prior to being humidified may have an initial relative humidityof 70% or less, and the humidified air can be defined by an increase ofrelative humidity of 10% or more; or the air prior to being humidifiedcan have an initial relative humidity of 40% or less, and the humidifiedair can be defined by an increase of relative humidity of 20% or more;or air prior to being humidified can have an initial relative humidityof 40% or less, and the humidified air can be defined by an increase ofrelative humidity of 40% or more. In one example, the evaporation panelassemblies can generate humidity levels above 90% or at about 100%.

In another example, a water delivery trough system can include aplurality of channeling troughs. Individual channeling troughs caninclude perforations for allowing water to fall vertically therethroughduring bi-directional flow within the channeling troughs. Individualchanneling troughs are connectable to one another at end openingsthereof. The plurality of channeling troughs can be of at least twotypes, including bi-directional channeling troughs, and redirectingchanneling troughs. The redirecting channeling troughs can furtherinclude redirecting openings to channel water orthogonally with respectto the bi-directional flow. The end openings of individual channelingtroughs can be connectable to the redirecting openings, for example. Inone example, the water delivery trough system can include a troughconnection clip, wherein the channeling troughs are connectable to oneanother at respective end openings thereof or at an end opening to aredirecting opening by abutment of respective connection lips andsecured by the trough connector clip. In another example, the system caninclude a trough endcap clip configured to connect to a connection lipof an end opening or a redirecting opening to prevent water from beingchanneled beyond the trough endcap clip. The connection lips can beU-shaped, for example, and can include at least one connection barbpositioned to be received by a barb-receiving opening of the troughconnector clip. The plurality of channeling troughs connected togethercan be positionable over an evaporation panel system of interconnectedevaporation panels so that water is deliverable from individualchanneling troughs through the perforations to a top surface of theinterconnected evaporation panels. In further detail, the evaporationpanel system can include a pi-shaped sub-assembly, and thus, oneredirecting channeling trough and a plurality of bi-directionalchanneling troughs can be assemblable to form the water delivery troughsystem of a shape where the perforations are positioned directly abovethe top surface of the pi-shaped sub-assembly. In still another example,the evaporation panel system can include multiple pi-shapedsub-assemblies arranged to include multiple vertical support beamassemblies, and multiple vertical water supply lines can be positionedat least partially within respective openings of the multiple verticalsupport beam assemblies. The multiple vertical water supply lines cansupply water to the channeling troughs, such as through a water supplyopening (shown at 490 in FIG. 45A) directly above the opening of thevertical support beam assembly. The channeling troughs can also furtherinclude foot supports to rest on a top surface of an evaporation panel,and the foot support can include a coupling groove shaped to rest over acoupling ridge at a top surface of an evaporation panel. The channelingtroughs can also include an anti-slip feature or profile along an upperridge of the channeling trough. The structure of the evaporation panelassembly used with the water delivery trough system can include any ofthe features as described in greater detail herein.

In another example, a splash containment system can include a splashcontainment shield adapted to allow lateral airflow into and out of anevaporation panel system and ameliorate lateral water splash out fromthe evaporation panel system, and a splash containment clip having anevaporation panel engagement end to releasably connect to an evaporationpanel of the evaporation panel system as well as a shield engagement endto releasably connect to the splash containment shield. The splashcontainment shield can include a frame that supports a plurality ofguard portions angularly oriented to cause water splash contacting aguard portion to flow back towards the evaporation panel before fallingbetween the splash containment shield and the evaporation panel system.The guard portion can be stepped, for example. Airflow through thesplash containment shield going toward the evaporation panel system canbe angled downward between adjacent guard portions. The evaporationpanel engagement end can include, for example, one or more flexible armsthat interface or engage with an upwardly extending ridge, a downwardlyextending ridge, or both of the evaporation panels. The shieldengagement end can include a frame with engagement grooves thatinterface with and releasably connect to a connection rib of the splashcontainment shield. In another example, the splash connection clip canbe configured to secure the splash containment shield within 16 inchesof an outer surface of the evaporation panel system.

With these evaporation panels, sub-assemblies, assemblies, systems,methods, and the like in mind, as a point of clarification, the termswastewater “remediation” or “evaporative separation” system can both beused herein, as contaminants are being effectively separated fromwastewater. That being stated, the contaminants are removed from thewater by an evaporative process. Thus, the water is being “purified” butwhen separated, it does not remain as a liquid, but rather evaporates asa water vapor. Thus, the term “remediation” can alternatively bedescribed as wastewater “evaporative separation” from contaminants orother similar terminology. Likewise, as it is noted elsewhere, the waterused may be wastewater, but there are examples where “wastewater” isused generically referring to water for cooling, or water that isbrackish or brine, but may not be strictly speaking “waste,” but ratherthere may be a reason for separation of compounds from the water byevaporative forces.

With these general examples in mind, it is noted that referencethroughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “anexample,” “one example,” “examples,” or similar language means that aparticular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connectiontherewith is included in at least one example of the present disclosure,but also may be applicable to other examples. Thus, appearances of thephrases such as “in one embodiment,” “in one example,” or similarlanguage throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, allrefer to the same embodiment. For example, when discussing any one ofthe embodiments herein, e.g., evaporation panels, evaporation panelsystems, evaporation panel sub-assemblies, evaporation panel assemblies,wastewater evaporative separation systems, methods, etc., each of thesediscussions can be considered applicable to the other examples, such asother evaporation panels, evaporation panel systems (which include 2 ormore evaporation panels which can be orthogonally joined together orvertically stacked), the evaporation panel sub-assemblies (which includemultiple evaporation panels joined together as a single assembly unitstructure, as defined more fully hereinafter), the evaporation panelassemblies (referring to multiple evaporation panels that areorthogonally joined—releasably joined or locked—together, and in manyinstances include multiple stacked “levels” of orthogonally joinedevaporation panels), the wastewater evaporative separation systems, orthe various methods described herein, whether or not they are explicitlydiscussed in the context of that specific example. As such, features,structures, or characteristics of the disclosed evaporation panels,systems, sub-assemblies, assemblies, methods, etc., may be combined inany suitable manner. In other instances, well-known structures,materials, or operations may not be specifically shown or described indetail to avoid obscuring aspects of the disclosure.

References to terms, such as “horizontal,” “vertical,” “upwardly,”“downwardly,” “upper,” lower,” “top,” bottom,” etc., are generally usedrelative to the normal operating orientation of the evaporation panels,evaporation panel systems, evaporation panel sub-assemblies, evaporationpanel assemblies (single or multiple grouped evaporation panelassemblies), wastewater evaporative separation systems, methods, or thelike; or to provide information regarding the spatial relationshipbetween relative features, unless the context indicates otherwise, e.g.,such as use of the term “upper” to describe a drawing sheet per serather than to describe a structure depicted by a FIG. on the drawingsheet. That being stated, some degree of flexibility is intended withrespect to absolute orientation or relative relationships. For example,a “horizontal” evaporation shelf may be generally horizontal within afew angular degrees from completely horizontal, or “upwardly facing” mayface generally upward, but not necessarily directly upward, etc. In someinstances, as an exception where the context may dictate otherwise,minor deviations from absolute orientation or spatial relationships canbe specifically described and can thus exclude an absolute orientationsor spatial relationships, e.g., referring to a lower surface of anevaporation shelf having a slope of from greater than 0° to about 5°would exclude an absolute horizontal lower surface.

The term “laterally” or “lateral” herein generally refers to aside-to-side relationship, and in some limited instances, afront-to-back relationship when defined. For example, when referring toa single evaporation panel, male connectors can be described as beingpositioned laterally at ends of the evaporation panel (as opposed to atop or a bottom, or a front or back of the panel). Thus, front-to-back(or evaporation panel “depth”) of a single evaporation panel is notconsidered to be lateral as used herein. On the other hand, whendescribing the orthogonal (or perpendicular) joining of two evaporationpanels, as one evaporation panel has a first orientation and a secondevaporation panel has a second perpendicular orientation, thisrelationship can be described as laterally joining two evaporationpanels together, because it results in laterally building out a largerevaporation panel sub-assembly or assembly. More specifically, these twoevaporation panels can even more accurately be described as being joinedlaterally and orthogonally together. Stated another way, when using theterms “laterally” or “lateral,” with respect to a single evaporationpanel or an evaporation panel sub-assembly or assembly, there istypically at least one evaporation panel that is being described withrespect to an end thereof, such as at a right and/or left end where oneor more male connector is positioned (based on normal operating andupright positioning or orientation, unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise). As a further minor point, when referring to an individualfeature of an evaporation panel, such as a specific male connector or aspecific evaporation fin or a column of evaporation fins, for example,the term “laterally” can be used more generally to describe the featurein any essentially horizontal direction. For example, an evaporation fincan be described as having lateral dimensions along an x-y axes asviewed from above (with the evaporation panel in its upright normalorientation).

When referring generally to one or more “support columns,” these can bedescribed in two general contexts. A support column, in one example, canbe described as spanning the vertical length of the evaporation panel,from the lowermost evaporation shelf to the uppermost evaporation shelf.Thus, the support column can likewise be described as including varioussupport column “sections” between immediately adjacent evaporationshelves. However, in other contexts, a support column, when the contextis appropriate, may alternatively refer to the support column sectionbetween two immediately adjacent evaporation shelves. In this lattercontext, the support column typically refers more specifically to thespatial relationship of the support column. For example, a supportcolumn may be described as being “between” a first evaporation shelf anda second evaporation shelf. The support column in this example can beunderstood to be between two immediately adjacent evaporation shelves,or two other evaporation shelves that have one, two, three, four, etc.,evaporation shelves therebetween, depending on the context.

The term “releasably join” or “releasably joined,” or even “releasablylocked” refers to a mechanical engagement where two (or more) structures(e.g., a structure and an opening defined or bordered by a structure)are joined or snapped together with a locking mechanism, but the lockingmechanism can allow for unlocking by an affirmative mechanical actionplaced on one or both structures, e.g., pinching, pushing, pulling,sliding, lifting, twisting, etc. The mechanical action can include ahuman finger interaction or can include the use of an unlocking tool ofsome type, for example. Once two structures are “releasably joined” inplace, the two structures should remain together unless a typicallyintentionally mechanical action occurs. On the other hand, the term“locked” or “un-releasably locked” refers to two (or more) separatestructures joined together by a locking mechanism, but they cannot bedisjoined without damaging one or more of the structures, oralternatively, by removing a third mechanism (such as a securityfastener, e.g., security clip, security pin, etc.) that may be used toconvert a joint from being “releasably joined” to “locked.” As anexample, a security clip can itself be “releasably joined” with respectto a joint, e.g., a male connector/female-receiving opening, but eventhough it may itself be releasably joined thereto, it can also cause thejoint per se to become a “locked” joint. To unlock the joint, thesecurity clip can be removed, and now the joint reverts back to a“releasably joined” joint.

The term “wastewater” is used to broadly include any type of water thathas been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic (human activity)influence, or which has other material therein (even naturally) forwhich there is a desire to separate that material from water. Thus,wastewater includes produced water, effluent water, or any other type ofcontaminated water that may benefit from the use of the evaporationpanels, evaporation panel systems, evaporation panel sub-assemblies andassemblies, wastewater evaporative separation systems, methods, and thelike described herein. Furthermore, wastewater also includes bodies ofwater with any material where evaporative separation may be desirable,whether caused by human activity or not, or whether that material istechnically “waste” or not. For example, the term “wastewater” can alsoinclude bodies of water that include large natural mineral content forwhich evaporable separation may be beneficial. Thus, water of any typethat can be separate from “contaminants” or even from “desirablematerial,” e.g., evaporation to concentrate a salt for salt recovery,that can be concentrated by water evaporation is referred generallyherein as “wastewater,” regardless of how it is produced.

In still further detail and for clarification, in some instances, thewater used may not be cycling through the evaporation panel systemsdescribed herein for purposes of separating the water (by evaporation)from a contaminant(s). In some instances, the water used can becommercially useable water that may not require separation. For example,water used for cooling purposes, e.g., commercial air conditioners,cooling towers, industrial process, gas lines, data rooms, computersystems or components, e.g., computer storage centers, telecommunicationcenters, internet server locations, etc. Thus, in many instances whenthe term “wastewater” is used, it is understood that the term “water” or“cooling fluid” or “cooling water,” or the like, can be used insteadwhere the context permits where the system described is about coolingrather than separation of contaminants from water. Thus, the term“water” can also be used herein on occasion, which broadly includes anytype of water, including wastewater, purified water, heated water,cooled or cooling water, etc. In accordance with examples of the presentdisclosure, there are examples where the water being used does notinclude any appreciable concentration of a contaminant, and thus, theevaporation panels, evaporation panel systems, evaporation panelsub-assemblies and assemblies, methods, etc. can be used in othercontexts, such as the evaporative cooling of water. In short, whereverthe terms “water” or “wastewater” is used, it is understood that eithercan be substituted for the other in the context of the specifictechnology to which that term may be applicable.

The terms “first, “second,” “third,” etc., are used for convenience anddo not infer any relative positioning, nor need these terms be usedconsistently through the entire specification and claims, as they areintended to be relative terms with respect to one another and notabsolute with respect to structure. Thus, because these terms arerelative to one another, they may be used interchangeably from oneexample to the next, but are typically used consistently within a singleexample or within a specific claim set. To illustrate, the use of“first” and “second” in the present disclosure may be used one waydescribing two relative evaporation panels, and in a different exampleor in the claims, “first” and “second” terminology may be reassigned.However, within a single example, or a single claim set, the use of theterms “first” and “second” should be used in an internally consistentmanner as to that specific example or that specific claim set.

Reference will now be made to certain FIGS. that represent specificexamples of the present disclosure. The FIGS. are not necessarily toscale, and various modifications to the examples shown can be carriedout in accordance with examples of the present disclosure. Additionally,reference numerals will be used consistently throughout as they relateto a specific type of structure, even if that similar structure fromembodiment to embodiment is not identically shaped, configured, orlocated. Each FIG. may include reference numerals not specificallydescribed when discussing that specific illustration, but which may bedescribed elsewhere herein. Likewise, discussion of structures on aspecific illustration may not be numerically identified, but will benumerically identified elsewhere herein.

FIGS. 1-5 are discussed together, as they depict an example evaporationpanel 10 taken from different views. The evaporation panel in thisexample can be oriented in an upright position, with a top 12 and abottom 14 shown. The evaporation panel receives wastewater (not shown)generally at or towards the top thereof, but can also be filled from thesides in some examples. Thus, the wastewater thinly fills a series ofevaporation shelves 16 by receiving the wastewater, often toward the topor at the top, and cascading the wastewater in a generally downwarddirection, filling other evaporation shelves positioned therebeneath.Essentially, a plurality of evaporation shelves can include an uppersurface 18 and a lower surface 20 for receiving, holding, anddistributing the wastewater in a generally downward direction, whileexposing a large surface area (air/liquid interface) of the wastewaterto the natural properties of evaporation, for example. In one specificexample, the evaporation shelves can have a flat or essentially flatupper surface with a slight taper over an edge 22 (such as a bevelededge) thereof and a minor slope at the lower surface underneath, e.g.,from >0° to 5°, 1° to 4°, 2° to 4°, or about 3° from horizontal. Thevery slight slope is difficult to see in FIGS. 1-5 , but an example isshown more clearly in the alternative embodiment of FIG. 19 . Thisconfiguration provides an arrangement so that once the wastewater hasoverfilled the upper surface, the excess wastewater can gently roll overthe edge using natural water tension to retain a thin layer of thewastewater on the lower surface until full enough to pass the wastewaterdownward to the next lower evaporation shelf. Thus, the lower surfacecan include this minor or subtle slope as described, but in anotherexample, can be horizontal without slope.

Additional features that can be present on the evaporation panel 10 ofFIGS. 1-5 can include a support column 30. In the example shown, thereare sixteen vertical support columns that support twenty-fiveevaporation shelves 16. The number of support columns and evaporationshelves shown in FIGS. 1-5 is somewhat arbitrary, as any number ofsupport columns and evaporation shelves can be present, e.g., supportcolumns and/or evaporation shelves can independently number from 2 to200, from 2 to 100, from 4 to 50, from 8 to 36, from 10 to 24, from 12to 18, etc. In this example, support columns can include a support beam32, which in this instance is a center positioned support beam relativeto evaporation fins 34. The support beam can be positioned elsewhere,but when in the center, water can fill around the support beam on theevaporation fins, providing more surface area for evaporation.

Though there is a great deal of wastewater surface area generated by themultiple evaporation shelves 16, a significant amount of additionalsurface area can also be provided by the support columns 30 that areused to support and separate the evaporation shelves. For example, whenthe evaporation panel including the evaporation shelves are filled withwastewater, the support columns can also load wastewater, providingstill more wastewater surface area (air/liquid interface) suitable forevaporation.

The evaporation panel 10 can also include structures that are suitablefor joining or connecting (and disconnecting) adjacent evaporationpanels to form an evaporation panel assembly. In FIGS. 1-5 , thisparticular evaporation panel includes a series of male connectors 40 atside or lateral end surfaces of the evaporation panel. The maleconnectors can be joined orthogonally with other adjacent evaporationpanels in any of the many female-receiving openings 42 that may beavailable and configured to join with the male connectors. In thisparticular example, each and every opening is configured to act as afemale-receiving opening; however, for practical purposes, when twoorthogonal evaporation panels are joined together and both rest on acommon horizontal surface, female-receiving openings that can be usedare in alignment with the location of male connectors of the other(orthogonally oriented) evaporation panel. Other female-receivingopenings that go unused can act as “open spaces” for providing airflowand/or evaporative venting, for example. That being stated, at openspace locations where an evaporation panel may not be intended to joinwith a male connector, in one example, those specific open spaces may ormay not be configured as female-receiving openings, but can still act asopen spaces for airflow and evaporation purposes. See, for example,FIGS. 17-20 , which includes open spaces that are not alsofemale-receiving openings, or FIGS. 21C-24D which include open spaceswith cross-supports therein that may not accommodate insertion of a maleconnector at certain locations (depending on the position and/orconfiguration of the male connector and/or the cross-support).

In further detail, the male connectors 40 on the right side in FIG. 1are vertically offset compared to the male connectors on the left side.This is so that two evaporation panels can be aligned and joined along acommon vertical plane (with an orthogonally positioned third evaporationpanel positioned therebetween to provide the respective joinablefemale-receiving openings as shown for example in FIG. 10 ). If thesemale connectors were not vertically offset along opposite ends or sidesof the evaporation panel, they would not be able to be aligned in thisparticular configuration, assuming all panels were at rest on a commonhorizontal planar surface, e.g., the male connectors of two differentevaporation panels would occupy the same female-receiving opening. Onthe other hand, if the male connectors were shorter, or if the maleconnectors were offset with respect to one another but were notnecessarily positionally offset with respect to the occupyingfemale-receiving opening, they could be configured to occupy a commonfemale-receiving opening.

In further detail, and particularly visible in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 3 ,evaporation fins 34 found at lateral ends or sides of the evaporationpanel (on the support column(s) immediately adjacent to the maleconnectors) can be smaller in size than other evaporation fins. This isso that the evaporation fins can fit within a female-receiving openingof an orthogonally adjacent evaporation panel when two evaporationpanels are joined together.

As can be seen particularly in FIGS. 1, 2A, and 2B, the evaporationpanel 10 generally includes a series of vertically stacked, laterallyelongated evaporation shelves 16, and a series of vertically orientedsupport columns 30 positioned periodically along the elongatedevaporation shelves which provide support and separation between theseries of evaporation shelves. In this configuration, the evaporationshelves and the support columns have the appearance of and provide a“grid structure” with essentially uniformly shaped and alignedrectangular open spaces throughout, and evaporation shelves and supportcolumns defining the grid structure. For definitional purposes, a gridstructure such as this, e.g., more than 95% of the area (width byheight) is a grid structure with shelves and columns defining the gridwith open spaces that are rectangular (or square) defined therebetween,can be more generally described as part of a larger class of structuresreferred to herein as “grid-like structures.”

Support columns 30 and female-receiving openings 42 (or other openspaces), on the other hand, can alternatively be positionednon-periodically or at locations that are not evenly spaced along alength of the evaporation shelves, as shown by example in FIGS. 17-20 .This configuration includes openings of multiple sizes, some of whichare female-receiving openings 42 and other of which are not as suitablefor joining with a male connector 40, referred to more generically asopen spaces 48. Though the male connector can be inserted into theseopen spaces, because of the larger size of the openings, the maleconnector may not receive the lateral support otherwise provided at thefemale-receiving openings duo to the close proximity of the supportcolumn to male connector releasably joined therebetween. That beingmentioned, it is noted, however, that “open spaces” can be of anyconfiguration where a male connector is not ultimately joined therein,whether that be an unused female-receiving opening or a more dedicatedopen space not intended to receive a male connector. For definitionalpurposes, even though the evaporation panel structure shown in FIGS.17-20 includes open spaces of varied lateral size dimensions or widths,the structure still includes vertical columns and horizontal evaporationshelves forming generally rectangular open spaces of different sizes,and thus, this type of structure can be referred to herein as a“grid-like structure,” or more specifically, a “non-periodichorizontally varied grid-like structure.”

For that matter, evaporation panel structures that include “grid” or“grid-like” portions along a significant area of the evaporation panel,e.g., at least 50% by area (width by height dimension, excluding depth),can also be considered to be grid-like structures. For example, as shownin FIGS. 21A-24D hereinafter, there are two enlarged evaporative airflowchannels shown at 58A,58B. Those channels are not really part of thegrid structure, but the evaporation panel in those examples include morethan 50% area of grid or grid-like structure up to about 95% area ofgrid or grid-like structure, so this evaporation panel can be consideredto be a “grid-like structure” in accordance with examples of the presentdisclosure. Furthermore, FIGS. 21C-24D show examples withcross-supports. These cross-supports are provided in some examples forstructural integrity, as they provide positive structure that are notinvolved in retaining and evaporating wastewater in any appreciablyamount, and thus are not considered with respect to whether or not apanel is a grid-like structure.

FIG. 6A depicts an alternative example similar to that shown in FIGS.1-5 , but includes fewer support columns 30, fewer evaporation shelves16, fewer male connectors 40, and fewer female-receiving openings 42.However, assuming that the evaporation panel has the same relative widthand height dimensions as that shown in FIGS. 1-5 , the open spaces orfemale receiving openings can be larger and the male connectors can alsobe corresponding larger. Furthermore, the spatial relationship or gapsbetween evaporation fins 34 can be based on the surface tension of waterwhich may be suitable to form a vertical water column (see FIG. 15 , forexample), and thus the spacing can remain within the range of 0.2 cm to1 cm, or 0.3 cm to 0.7 cm, or 0.4 cm to 0.6 cm range. As a result, therecan be more evaporation fins present between two adjacent evaporationshelves, for example. In this example, for the most part, there aretypically seven evaporation fins at the various support column sections(at the bottom, this section of the support column includes sixevaporation fins). Furthermore, in one example, the evaporation shelfdepth can be about the same or greater than that shown in FIGS. 1-5 ,though any suitable depth can be used that can hold a thin layer ofwastewater and pass the wastewater therebeneath in a cascading manner asdescribed elsewhere herein. This particular evaporation panel alsoincludes pin-receiving openings 75, which is shown and described ingreater detail in the context of FIGS. 28, 31, and 32D. Other structuralfeatures can be as previously described, and need not be re-described inthe context of this example.

In still another example, as shown generally in FIGS. 6B and 6C, twoother alternative example evaporation panel configurations can be used.In accordance with this, the support columns 30 can be verticallystaggered from evaporation shelf 16 to evaporation shelf (see FIG. 6B),or staggered in vertical pairs or larger vertical groups (see FIG. 6C),or can be staggered or arranged in any other manner that allows forfunctional attachment between two orthogonally positioned evaporationpanels.

Typically, the female-receiving openings 42 can be rectangular in shape,and thus, even though the support columns and the female-receivingopenings (or other remaining open spaces) are offset, theseconfigurations can also be considered and defined herein to be“grid-like structures,” or more specifically, both of these exampleevaporation panel structures can be referred to as “horizontally offsetgrid-like structures.”

With further reference to FIGS. 6B and 6C, these evaporation panels caninclude otherwise similar features described with respect to FIGS. 1-5 ,and thus, these similar features are neither labeled with referencenumerals or re-described again to avoid redundancy. The notable featuredescribed with respect to these specific examples relates to thestaggered or offset support columns 30 and open spaces or femalereceiving openings 42. With these arrangements, similar spacingrelationships between parallel panels as compared to the evaporationpanels shown in FIGS. 1-5 . However, depending on the specificconfiguration, in one example, male connectors on the relative lateralends of an evaporation panel can be vertically positioned differentlythan that shown in FIGS. 1-5 to accommodate the location of verticallyaligned female-receiving openings, male connectors on each side of theevaporation panel could be repositioned to allow for evaporation panelalignment, similar to that shown in FIG. 10 (with an orthogonalevaporation panel positioned therebetween). For example, with respect toFIG. 6B in particular, the male connectors at the opposite end (notshown) could be positioned two horizontal positions lower than the maleconnector shown on the left side in FIG. 6B. In this arrangement, twopanels could be aligned in a common plane using female-receivingopenings notated as “O.” If both male connectors on each side werepositioned just one more position further position down vertically, thenthe male connectors could be positioned in the female-receiving openingsnotated as “H,” and could likewise be vertically aligned similar to thatshown in FIG. 10 . These arrangements, of course, assume that theevaporation panels being joined together are all resting on a commonhorizontal surface. Similar accommodations or reposition of the maleconnectors vertically (on both sides) could likewise be made to alignwith the female receiving openings shown in FIG. 6C. The positioningcould also determine whether the male connectors would align moreproperly at female receiving openings notated as openings “O” or “H.” Ineither case, with the staggered arrangements generally, the maleconnectors can be vertically positioned (and in some examples verticallyoffset on each opposing side relative to one another) in a manner thatis suitable for joining with a vertical alignment of female-receivingopenings. Or, if vertical alignment is not a priority, such as whenforming evaporation panel assemblies such as those shown in FIGS. 12B,12C, and 12E, then vertically offset male connectors may not be present.In further detail, by staggering the female-receiving openings,alternative spatial relationships between orthogonally joinedevaporation panels can be generated, such as at positions starting atposition one and one-half (1½) from the left end of the evaporationpanel, or any position thereinafter where male connectors can be joinedtherewith. These “half” positions can be notated by an “H,” as shown inthe FIGS. Thus, when using the female receiving openings at an Hposition, other available positions for a similarly configuredevaporation panel can be joined at any other “half” position, e.g., 1½,2½, 3½, etc. These as well as the “O” positions (based on whole numberincrements) are notated in the FIGS. for further clarity, from left toright, as position 1, 1½, 2, 2½, 3, etc. Again, depending on whichfemale-receiving openings that are intended to be used, appropriatelypositioned male connectors on orthogonally oriented evaporation panelscan be corresponding integrated therewith.

As a note, with respect to the support columns as described and definedherein, the support column is typically described as spanning the heightof the evaporation panel, and thus, portions of the support columnsbetween evaporation adjacent evaporation shelves are often referred toherein as support column sections. With the staggered support columns ofFIGS. 6B and 6C, the support columns may not vertically span the heightof the evaporation panel, but can span various evaporation shelves lessthan the vertical height of the evaporation panel as a whole. Thus, forpurposes of consistency, staggered support column sections that definefull open spaces (not including horizontal rows with open positions atthe relative “half” positions) can be used to determine the “number” offull support columns (that functionally span rather than literally spanthe height of the evaporation panel). For example, in FIG. 6B, if thereare nine (9) support columns that define eight (8) open spaces notatedas “O” type openings (and not “H” type openings), then this evaporationpanel can be described generally as having nine (9) support columns,even though there are many more support column sections staggeredthroughout the body of the evaporation panel. In other words, staggeredsupport column sections that define the “H” positions that are beneathand near the support column sections that define the “O” positions canbe considered to be constructively part of the support columns nearbyand thereabove and/or therebeneath, as these half-position supportcolumns do functionally provide support to the support column sectionswhich define the “O” positions.

In accordance with more specific examples, certain wastewater flow pathscan be generated using the evaporation panels described herein. In oneexample, when wastewater is loaded at an upper surface of an evaporationshelf, the wastewater can be transferred to its lower surface (around atapered or beveled edge in one example) and to additional “uppersurfaces” on evaporation shelves positioned therebeneath. Some of thewastewater can also be transferred to the evaporation fins, for example,and then passed down to the next evaporation shelf. Thus, as water isevaporated from the wastewater at various upper surfaces and evaporationfins, a more concentrated wastewater can move downward along theevaporation panel. This can lead to a cascading of wastewater in agenerally downward direction where the evaporation removes or reduceswater content and the contaminants or other material in the wastewaterbecome more concentrated, or alternatively the water becomes cooled inevaporative cooling examples. The evaporation shelves can be stacked inany number within a single evaporation panel, e.g., from 2 to 200evaporation shelves, from 4 to 50 evaporation shelves, from 8 to 24shelves, etc. The evaporation shelves can thus be vertically stacked andspaced apart with horizontal evaporation fins positioned therebetween.In one example, the evaporation panel can include at least fourevaporation shelves and at least four support columns between each pairof evaporation shelves, such as shown in any of FIGS. 1-6C, 17-20,21A-24D, etc. This particular evaporation panel can also include atleast nine open spaces, some of which can act as female-receivingopenings for receiving one or more male connectors from an adjacentlyorthogonally positioned evaporation panel.

FIGS. 7 and 8 depict an example of an evaporation panel system 100 (alsoreferred to as an evaporation panel assembly once assembled), includinga first (upper) evaporation panel 10A and a second (lower) evaporationpanel 10B. In this example, both evaporation panels of the system caninclude many similar features as that described in FIGS. 1-6C. Forexample, the evaporation panels can include a top 12 (shown onevaporation panel 10B of FIG. 7 ) and a bottom 14 (shown on evaporationpanel 10A of FIG. 7 ). Alternative relative “tops” and “bottoms” arealso shown in FIG. 8 after being stacked as well as other relative“tops” and “bottom” that are not stacked with other evaporation panels.The evaporation panels of FIG. 7 also include evaporation shelves 16,each with an upper surface 18 and a lower surface 20 in this example.The evaporation panels can also include upwardly extending ridges 24 anddownwardly extending ridges 26, as well as male connectors 40 and openspaces which can be configured as female-receiving openings 42. Withrespect to the male connectors particularly shown in FIG. 7 in furtherdetail, the male connectors can include male connector engagementgrooves 40A on the top and bottom thereof (relative to the upright andstanding operational position of the evaporation panel) for engagingwith downwardly extending ridges and upwardly extending ridges,respectively, when joined orthogonally with female-receiving openings ofadjacent evaporation panels. Also shown is a male connector lockingchannel 40B, which in one example can be used to form a lockingengagement with a security clip (not shown here but shown in FIGS.25A-32E hereinafter), thus converting the male connector andfemale-receiving opening connection from a releasably joined coupling toa locked coupling.

The evaporation panels (10A and 10B) can also include support columns 30including support beams 32 and evaporation fins 34, as previouslydescribed. Notably, when the evaporation panels are joined together, thebottom of evaporation panel 10A can be placed or stacked on the top ofevaporation panel 10B. To prevent movement or slippage when in place,the top of the second (lower) evaporation panel can include couplingridges 44 and can be paired with the bottom of the first (upper)evaporation panel, which can include corresponding coupling grooves 46.When the first and second evaporation panels are joined at the bottomand top surfaces, respectively, the lowermost shelf of evaporation panel10A and the uppermost shelf of evaporation panel 10B become unified toform a “single” evaporation shelf, shown generally at panel interface 13in FIG. 8 . In this configuration, the first evaporation panel caneither rest on the second evaporation panel (as shown in FIG. 8 ), orthe evaporation panels can be clipped together to prevent shiftingmovement using security clips (not shown here, but shown in detail inFIGS. 25A-32F). In accordance with a further detail, in this example,the evaporation fins that are shown at a lateral end or ends of theevaporation panel can be slightly smaller than the evaporation finspresent elsewhere on the evaporation panel. In this example, this sizedifference is provided so the evaporation fins are small enough to fitwithin the female-receiving openings of an adjacent evaporation panelthat may be joined laterally and orthogonally therewith. That beingstated, in other examples, the evaporation fins can be the same, smallersize along the entire evaporation panel, or the evaporation panel can beconfigured so that there are no evaporation fins at lateral ends of theevaporation panel to avoid interference when orthogonally joining twoevaporation panels.

FIG. 9 depicts another example of an evaporation panel system 100 (morespecifically an evaporation panel sub-assembly as currently shown joinedin an L-shaped configuration), including a first (front view)evaporation panel 10A and a second (side or end view) evaporation panel10B, connected laterally together in an orthogonal orientation. In thisexample, both evaporation panels of the system can include similarfeatures as that described in FIGS. 1-8 . For example, the evaporationpanels can include a top 12 and a bottom 14, as well as evaporationshelves 16, each of which include an upper surface 18 and a lowersurface 20 in this example. The evaporation panels can also includeupwardly extending ridges 24 and downwardly extending ridges 26, as wellas support columns 30 including support beams 32 and evaporation fins34, as previously described. In this example, a male connector 40 (or 6vertically aligned male connectors) are shown clipped into afemale-receiving opening 42 (or 6 corresponding vertically alignedfemale-receiving openings) so that the evaporation panels becomereleasably joined or joined together in an orthogonal orientation.

The evaporation panel system or assembly shown in FIGS. 7-8 showvertically stacked evaporation panels, and the evaporation panel systemor assembly (which is an L-shaped sub-assembly) shown in FIG. 9 showslaterally joined orthogonally oriented evaporation panels. Thus, theevaporation panel system or assembly of FIGS. 7-8 and the evaporationpanel system or assembly shown in FIG. 9 can be combined to form morecomplex evaporation panel assembly structures, e.g., laterally joinedand vertically stacked. For example, a more complicated laterally joinedevaporation panel system can be formed using many evaporation panels,and these more complicated laterally joined evaporation panel systemscan be stacked vertically. As one might appreciate after considering thepresent disclosure, very complicated structures the size of largebuildings with rooms, hallways, stairs, walls, open channels, etc., canbe formed by laterally joining evaporation panels in an orthogonalorientation (in an X-Y direction or axes viewed from above) to form alevel of joined evaporation panels, and evaporation panels (levels) canlikewise be joined together and stacked as high as reasonable (in a Zdirection or axis viewed from above). Thus, by adjoining evaporationpanels laterally, and in many instances, stacking vertically,three-dimensional larger structures, including very complicated and orlarge structures, can be assembled. In one example, the assemblies canbe put together without the need or use of special tools since the maleconnectors can be snapped into female-receiving openings, and further,because evaporation panels can likewise be stacked vertically byincrementally laterally building out additional levels on top ofpreviously laterally joined levels, as shown and described herein. Insome examples, however, when the use of tools would be advantageous,such as the use of a mallet to joint panels, or the use of a leveragingtool to disconnect evaporation panels (or security clips describedhereinafter), such tool can be used.

In accordance with this, three examples of more complicated (3 or morepanels) laterally joined evaporation panels are shown generally in FIGS.10-12 , each of which could be further built out laterally and/orstacked vertically. FIG. 10 , for example, provides a perspective viewof three evaporation panels joined laterally together to form a T-shapedassembly. More specifically, this can be described as a two-panelT-shaped asymmetrical T-shaped sub-assembly (10A, 10B) with a thirdevaporation panel (10C) positioned in vertical and lateral alignmentwith evaporation panel 10B. In further detail, a first evaporation panel10A, has a first orientation, and a second evaporation panel 10B and athird evaporation panel 10C are orthogonally orientated with respect tothe first evaporation panel. As mentioned, the second and thirdevaporation panels are positioned in-line with respect to one another,sharing a common vertically aligned row of female-receiving openingsfound on evaporation panel 10A. This is made possible in this examplebecause the male connectors 40 are vertically offset with respect toeach side of each individual evaporation panel. Thus, the maleconnectors from evaporation panel 10B (on the right side) are notdesigned to be received by the same female-receiving openings 42 as themale connectors from evaporation panel 10C (on the left side). In otherwords, these male connectors are vertically offset on each side of theevaporation panels by a single position. In other designs, there may beadvantages to offsetting male connectors on opposite lateral ends of anevaporation panel by two vertical positions, such when joining panelswith horizontally offset female receiving openings. See, for example,FIG. 6B.

FIG. 11 , on the other hand, provides a perspective view of tenevaporation panels joined laterally to one another to form a cube-shapedconfiguration. Specifically, a first evaporation panel 10A has a firstorientation, and a tenth evaporation panel 10J has a parallelorientation with respect to evaporation panel 10A. Evaporation panels10B-101 are positioned between and orthogonally oriented with respect toevaporation panels 10A and 10J. A single panel space (or one position)is left between or remains unused between adjacent evaporation panels10B-101 to allow for airflow 38 as well as allowing space forevaporative water vapor to become vented therefrom, such as through anyof a number of inter-panel spaces 39. Airflow and evaporative ventingcan also be provided by female-receiving openings (or open spaces/voids)that are not otherwise occupied by a male connector. Assembly spacingbetween panels in conjunction with panel openings can drive airflowacross surfaces using natural drafts induced by temperature differential(e.g., evaporation cooling inside vs. ambient temperature outside of theevaporation panel assembly) for enhanced evaporation speeds.

It is noteworthy that the “cube” configuration shown in FIG. 11 is oneexample of a basic unit structure or sub-assembly that can be usedrepeatedly to form much larger and more complex evaporation panelassembly structures. For example, many cubes can be formed which arelaterally locked together and vertically stacked to form largerevaporation panel assemblies in the form of large structures, towers,etc., which can include stairs, walls, platforms, bridges, etc. formedusing evaporation panels, such as that shown in FIGS. 34-36 hereinafter.As a further note, the cube-shaped shown in FIG. 11 when used as abuilding block to laterally form larger structures can “share” commonevaporation panels with adjacently positioned “cubes.” For example, thefirst or tenth evaporation panel 10A or 10J of the cube in FIG. 11 , orthe second or ninth evaporation panel 10B or 101 of the cube of FIG. 11may function as the first evaporation panel for an adjacent “cube”assembly (see FIG. 12D, for example). Thus, the term “cube” can bedefined to include general cube-like structures (such as comb-shapedsub-assemblies), even if that structure shares one or more evaporationpanel with an adjacently positioned “cube.”

With this example in mind, the term “unit structure” or “sub-assembly”can be used to refer to any basic evaporation panel configuration thatcan be used repetitiously or semi-repetitiously to be joined together(sometimes with other types of sub-assembly shapes or otherconfigurations of sub-assembly shapes of the same type) to laterallybuild out more complex evaporation panel assemblies. Sub-assembliesrefer to laterally joined evaporation panels, and not vertically stackedevaporation panels. Furthermore, “sub-assemblies” are basic units of anynumber of orthogonally joined evaporation panels that can generally beabout one panel wide by about one panel deep by one panel high, e.g.,1×1×1 panel dimension. Thus, any configuration that is the size of about1×1×1 panel can be considered a “sub-assembly” in accordance withexamples of the present disclosure. Notably, the dimensionalrelationship of 1×1×1 does not infer an absolute relational dimension,but rather, only relative dimensional ratios consistent with the mannerin which the evaporation panels join together orthogonally. For example,evaporation panels that are two feet wide, two feet tall, and two inchesdeep can be used to form an essentially 2 cubic foot sub-assembly. Thatbeing stated, the exact relational dimension of each sub-assembly maynot be an exact 1×1×1 dimension (or 1:1:1 size ratio), as when panelsare joined orthogonally, the depth of one or two evaporation panels canadd to the width of an orthogonally oriented evaporation panel. Forexample, if a panel is two feet wide by two feet tall by two inchesdeep, a 1×1×1 sub-assembly may be two feet four inches wide, two feettall, and two feet deep (assuming two evaporation panels are oriented inparallel with one or more intervening evaporation panel orthogonallypositioned therebetween); or the sub-assembly may be two feet two incheswide, two feet tall, and two feet deep (if there is only one evaporationpanel in one “end” or “spine” evaporation panel in one of the twoorthogonal orientations relative to parallel “teeth” evaporationpanels). These configurations would still be considered to be a“sub-assembly” in accordance with examples of the present disclosure.Thus, for definitional purposes, a 1×1×1 evaporation panel sub-assembly,or a 1:1:1 evaporation panel sub-assembly size ratio includes theaddition of relative depths of “end” or “spine” evaporation panels,which will be defined in further detail hereafter.

In some examples, there may be two or more types of sub-assemblies orunit structures that can be formed that may be used to build out morecomplex evaporation assemblies in a repetitive or semi-repetitivemanner. Thus, a “cube” is but one example of such a unit structure orsub-assembly. A cube may, for example, be joined with (another)comb-shaped sub assembly two form two adjacent cubes which share acommon joining evaporation panel, such as that shown by example in FIG.12 D. Furthermore, other unit structures or sub-assemblies that can bejoined with other sub-assemblies to build more complex evaporation panelassemblies, and such sub-assemblies can include the following: L-shaped,T-shaped, comb-shaped (e.g., U-shaped, E-shaped, cube-shaped, etc.),pi-shaped, asymmetrical shapes thereof, etc. Some of these exampleconfigurations are shown in FIG. 12A, each of which depicts a top 12view of nine example sub-assemblies. There are, of course, otherpossible sub-assemblies that can be formed, but these nine embodimentsillustrate various example configurations or shapes, including variantsthereof, which are intended to help with understanding each type ofsub-assembly. The sub-assemblies shown in FIG. 12A (and largerassemblies shown in FIGS. 12B-E) are illustrated from an upper or topplan view for clarity, as it is from this view that the shape of thesub-assembly can be best viewed. From this view, an upper surface, ortop 18, of an uppermost evaporation shelf is shown, which can includecoupling ridges 44. The upper surface can be used for verticallystacking additional evaporation panels thereon, and the coupling ridgescan be used to engage with coupling grooves (not shown) on a bottom (notshown) of the next level of evaporation panel sub-assemblies orassemblies. In these examples, though coupling ridges are not required,they are conveniently positioned so that from this upper plan view, anapproximate location of vertical support columns (see FIG. 1 ) can beunderstood, e.g., directly beneath the coupling ridges. Likewise,vertically aligned female receiving openings can be understood andvisualized as being vertically aligned generally below the areas betweenadjacent coupling ridges. That being mentioned, the support columns neednot align with the coupling ridges, and any of a number of relativeevaporation panel sizes, configurations, etc., can be used to formsub-assemblies as described herein. For purposes of the simplicity andclarity of discussion, however, the evaporation panels shown in FIGS.12A-E generally have an example configuration similar to that shown inFIG. 1-5 or 21A-23 , without any particular limitation implied thereby.Male connectors 40 are also shown and can be seen from these nine topplan sub-assembly views of FIG. 12A. Again, these structures are viewedfrom above, similar to that shown in FIG. 4 . Female-receiving openings,evaporation shelves (other than the topmost shelf), support columns,evaporation fins, etc., are not shown, as they are obscured by the topof each evaporation panel.

The shapes described herein with respect to the various sub-assembliesare based on a top plan view of assembled evaporation panels. Forbrevity and to avoid overly complicated descriptions of the varioussub-assemblies that can be used to form more complex evaporation panelassemblies, e.g., towers, in describing the various sub-assembly shapesbelow in further detail, the term “panel” may be used generally ratherthan the longer term “evaporation panel.” Furthermore, for each of thesesub-assemblies described herein, even spacing between parallel panels,variable spacing between panels, symmetrical spacing and/or positioningof panels, or asymmetrical spacing and/or positioning of panels can beused. In examples where female-receiving openings may be horizontallyoffset in the form of a horizontally offset grid-like structure, such asthat shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C; or in examples which use non-periodichorizontally varied grid-like structures, such as that shown in FIGS.17-20 , alternative spatial relationships between orthogonally joined“teeth” panels along a “spine” panel of the sub-assembly can be present.These arrangements are not specifically discussed in the context ofFIGS. 12A-E, but rather, these other types of grid-like evaporationpanels can be similarly assembled to form similarly configured panelsub-assemblies with just a few minor panel configuration modificationsin some instances.

Turning now to a more detailed description of the various sub-assembliesshown in FIG. 12A, the terms “L-shaped” and “T-shaped” are essentiallyself-explanatory. L-shaped refers to two panels orthogonally positionedwhere a male connector(s) at one end of a first panel is joined with one(or more) of the laterally outermost female-receiving openings (e.g.,vertically aligned female-receiving openings). The general shape isshown in FIG. 12A and labeled “L-shaped.” T-shaped refers to two panelsorthogonally positioned where a male connector at one end of a firstpanel is joined with any vertically aligned female-receiving openingother than those present at the outermost position. Two examples areprovided in FIG. 12A which are labeled “T-shaped” and “T-shaped(asymmetrical).” In these examples and others hereinafter, evaporationpanels which uses their male connector(s) to join with afemale-receiving opening of another panel can be referred to, forconvenience, as a “tooth” or in plural as “teeth.” The evaporation panelwhich utilizes the female-receiving opening to receive a male connectorcan be referred to as a “spine,” or if there are two (one at each end ofthe “tooth” or “teeth,” then this second evaporation panel can bereferred to as a “secondary spine” for convenience. These terms are usedprimarily for additional clarity in describing sub-assembly structures.

Another basic sub-assembly structure is referred to herein as“comb-shaped,” which includes three or more panels, where a second andthird panel are orthogonally positioned relative to a first panel, andthe male connectors of the two panels are each individually joined withthe laterally outermost female-receiving openings of the first panel. Inother words, the two panels, or “teeth” attach to the first panel, or“spine,” at opposite ends thereof within female-receiving openings ofthe first panel. Notably, additional comb teeth may also be positionedbetween the two outermost comb teeth. Specific examples of comb-shapedsub-assemblies are shown in FIG. 12A, and labeled “Comb-shaped(U-shaped),” “Comb-shaped (E-shaped),” and “Comb-shaped (5 teeth).” Themore specific term “E-shaped” indicates that there is one panel betweenthe two outermost panels, the term “5 teeth” indicates that there arethree panels between the two outermost panels, and so forth. TheU-shaped sub-assembly has no additional panels between the two outermostpanels. In one example, a comb-shaped sub-assembly can alternatively bereferred to as a “partial cube-shaped” as the teeth at a distal end withrespect to the spine can be joined with a cube-shaped sub-assembly oranother comb-shaped or a different type of sub-assembly to form a cube,or even to form a series of repetitive cubes with one or more sharedcommon panel. Alternatively, a “cube-shaped” sub-assembly can likewisebe referred to as a “comb-shaped” sub-assembly because it includes thespine and the two teeth positioned at both outermost positions. However,the cube-shaped sub-assembly also includes another panel that is joinedto a distal end of the teeth as a secondary spine that has a parallelorientation with respect to the spine. An alternative examplecomb-shaped panel that can be used to form a cube-shaped sub-assembly isshown in FIG. 12A, and referred to as “Comb-shaped (5 teeth).” Unlikethe cube-shaped sub-assembly shown in FIG. 11 with evenly spaced teeth,this sub-assembly structure has unevenly spaced evaporation panels orteeth leaving two vertically aligned open spaces with two open positionsand two vertically aligned open spaces with three open positions. Theinter-panel spaces with three open spaces can be referred to as“enlarged inter-panel spaces” relative to the other inter-panel spaces.

Another sub-assembly shape that can be particularly useful for buildingstrong and potentially quite tall evaporation panel assemblies is thepi-shaped sub-assembly. The term “pi-shaped” can refer to shapes (whenviewed from above) which include a first evaporation panel (spine), anda second panel and a third panel (teeth) that are positionedorthogonally with respect to a first panel, leaving at least theoutermost female-receiving opening positions on the first panel or spineopen. Thus, the shape approximates the general configuration of theGreek symbol for pi (π), e.g., at least one panel (the first panel)having the laterally outermost female-receiving openings remainingunused or open and including two (or more) orthogonal panels joinedthereto. The pi-shaped sub-assembly can be symmetrical, with the samenumber of outermost female-receiving opening positions of the firstpanel or spine open (e.g., one vertically aligned female-receivingopening position on each side, two on each side, etc.), or can beasymmetrical, with a different number of open positions on each side ofthe first panel or spine open (e.g., one vertically alignedfemale-receiving opening position on one side, and three open positionson the other side, etc.). There are instances where asymmetricalpi-shaped sub-assemblies may be used with symmetrical pi-shapedsub-assemblies to achieve a more ordered evaporation panel assembly as awhole. See for examples FIGS. 12C and 12E, for example. For furtherclarity, as shown in FIG. 12A, several pi-shaped sub-assemblies areshown from a top plan view perspective and are more specifically labeledtherein by example. Additionally, finer or closer cross-hatching is usedon some of the pi-shaped sub-assemblies to clearly show whichevaporation panels can be considered to be part of the “pi-shape.” Forexample, one pi-shaped sub-assembly is labeled “Pi-shaped,” and in thisexample, includes two open laterally outermost vertically alignedfemale-receiving opening columns on each side unused. This pi-shapedsub-assembly could likewise leave only one laterally outermostfemale-receiving opening column on each side unused (or three on eachside unused, etc.). In further detail, similar terminology as used todescribe the “comb-shaped” sub-assemblies can be used for the individualpanels of the pi-shaped sub-assemblies, such as the term “teeth” and“spine.” However, it is noted that a “comb-shaped” sub-assembly placesthe outermost “teeth” at the laterally outermost positions along the“spine,” whereas, the “pi-shaped” sub-assembly leaves at least thelaterally outermost positions along the “spine” open. As a secondexample, another pi-shaped sub-assembly is labeled “Pi-shaped (5 teeth;asymmetrical; enlarged inter-panel space),” which includes 5 teeth withthe outermost teeth being asymmetrically positioned with respect to theunused outermost female-receiving opening vertically aligned positions(one column on one side left open and three columns on the other sideleft open). The enlarged inter-panel space can be useful for generatingadditional airflow and/or evaporation, particularly when usingevaporation panels such as those shown in FIGS. 21A-24D, each of whichincludes one or more enlarged evaporation airflow channels, showntherein at 58A and 58B. These enlarged channels can be positioned andsized to align with the enlarged inter-panel space, which in thisexample are centrally located. The term “enlarged” is a relative termmeaning that the space between the panels that define this space islarger than other spaces of the sub-assembly. Still another example islabeled “Pi-shaped (6 teeth; secondary spine; enlarged inter-panelspace),” which includes three evenly spaced teeth toward one end of thespine, and three evenly spaced teeth toward another end of the spine,again leaving the laterally outermost (e.g., one on each side in thisinstance) vertically aligned female-receiving opening positions open.This arrangement, again, leaves an enlarged inter-panel space. Asecondary spine panel is also included that is present at an oppositeend of the teeth panels relative to the spine panel.

As a note, when joining multiple sub-assemblies together laterally orvertically to form a more complex evaporation panel assembly, the factthese structures are described as discrete “sub-assemblies” in no wayinfers that each sub-assembly must be first formed before any twosub-assemblies can be joined together laterally. On the contrary, whenbuilding an evaporation panel assembly, multiple panel sub-assembliesmay be put together at the same time as one another, panelsub-assemblies can be partially assembled when joined with laterallyadjacent panel sub-assemblies or adjacent partially assembled panelsub-assemblies or individual evaporation panels of an adjacent panelsub-assembly, larger evaporation panel assemblies can be formed oneevaporation panel at time without regard to the configuration of panelsub-assemblies incidentally formed during a build, or panelsub-assemblies may be fully joined or formed prior to assembling two ormore sub-assemblies together to form a larger evaporation panelassembly. In other words, “sub-assemblies” are defined herein todescribe portions of the evaporation panel assembly, once assembled, anddoes not infer that sub-assemblies must first be put together beforejoining respective panel sub-assemblies, unless the context dictatesotherwise.

FIG. 12B shows a top 12 plan view of twenty (20) evaporation panels ofan evaporation panel assembly 100, where the evaporation panels arejoined laterally to one another to form a pinwheel-like configuredevaporation panel assembly. Though obscured and thus not labeled orshown in detail, individual evaporation panels can include a pluralityof stacked shelves, support columns, female-receiving openings, etc., aspreviously described. From this view, some of the uppermost andunconnected male connectors 40 remain visible, but can be used if theevaporation panel assembly is laterally built out further. Withoutnaming each evaporation panel specifically, suffice it to say that thereare ten evaporation panels that are oriented parallel to one another,and there are ten evaporation panels that are connected therewith in anorthogonal orientation therefrom. In further detail regarding thepinwheel-like configuration, in reality, this configuration can beviewed as a collection of four identical pi-shaped sub-assemblies,similar to those shown in FIG. 12A. The exact pi-shaped structure inFIG. 12B is not specifically shown in FIG. 12A, but could be labeledsimilarly as “Pi-shaped (4 teeth).” This particular arrangement issymmetrical with only one vertically aligned female-receiving openingleft open on each end of the spine thereof.

There are several advantages to using one or more pi-shapedsub-assemblies in forming an evaporation panel assembly. For example, asshown in FIG. 12B, in its current form, this particular evaporationpanel assembly is shown with twenty evaporation panels, where fiveevaporation panels are used to assemble each pi-shaped sub-assembly.However, this same type of sub-assembly can be used to build theevaporation panel assembly out laterally (as shown by the solid linearrows). Furthermore, as with other evaporation panel assemblies, thisassembly pattern can also be built up vertically. This particularassembly pattern, however, provides added strength and more resistanceto the potentially crushing forces of gravity when the evaporation panelassembly (which can already be relatively heavy unloaded, particularlywhen stacked 16 feet, 24 feet, 36 feet, or more in height) is fullyloaded with wastewater. Essentially, in this configuration, where fourevaporation panels come together in a tight pattern, a structural postor vertical support beam assembly 68 can be formed, which can provide ahigher resistance to significant weight loads on the evaporation panelassembly, as well as provide rotational shear resistance in at leastfour lateral directions (at 90 degree intervals). Thus, essentially atone concentrated location, four evaporation panels, each at an endthereof due to the pi-shaped sub-assembly configuration, come togetherand contribute to the formation of a hollow vertical beam that isintegrated into the evaporation panel assembly, and further, thisintegration of the support beam assemblies occurs incrementally as theevaporation panel assembly is being constructed. This can provide addedsafety to an assembly technician as vertical support beam assemblies areincrementally formed during the build, providing essentially real-timeformation of vertical support beam assemblies for added verticalstrength with respect to holding weight as well as rotational shearresistance. In short, there is no separate beam structure included oradded to provide this extra level of support vertical support and shearresistance in this example. Furthermore, by using a pi-shaped type ofsub-assembly configuration, vertical support (and shear resistance) beamassemblies can be present at essentially every interval equal to aboutthe length of an individual evaporation panel in a grid-like formation.Thus, if the evaporation panel is two (2) feet in length, about everytwo feet (e.g., just under two feet), there may be a vertical supportbeam assembly formed, which can be characterized in some examples asforming an array of structural beams positioned in a grid-like formationin the x-y axes (as viewed from above). An example of a grid-like arrayof structural beams can be seen in FIG. 36 , wherein one verticalsupport beam is identified at 68. That particular example also includeslarge vertical airshafts 108 (about the size of a single sub-assembly).However, the grid-like array of vertical support beam assemblies may beformed as part of an evaporation panel assembly that does not includethese vertical airshafts. Returning to FIG. 12B, also as shown around aperiphery of the evaporation panel assembly, there may be partialvertical support beam assemblies 68A that can provide some additionalvertical support, but can also be used to generate more vertical supportbeam assemblies as the evaporation panels or evaporation panelsub-assemblies are used to build the evaporation panel assembly furtherout laterally.

As shown in FIG. 12B, inter-panel spaces 39 can be relatively wide,e.g., three vertically aligned female-receiving opening spaces betweeneach panel, or the inter-panel spaces can be narrower, such as shown inFIG. 12C. For example, inter-panel spaces can provided by omitting twopanel spaces, three panel spaces, four panel spaces, etc., betweenparallel evaporation panel teeth. FIG. 12B in particular shows threepanel spaces omitted between parallel oriented and adjacent evaporationpanels, providing even more evaporation and/or airflow 38A,38B,38Ccompared to the cube-shaped configuration of FIG. 11 (which could alsoinclude more spacing in other examples) where there was only oneinter-panel space. In areas where the ambient conditions are very dryand hot, less space may be present and used for an efficient and compactdesign. However, when the ambient conditions are not as hot and/or morehumid generally, evaporation panel assembly designs that allow for moreopen evaporation space may be beneficial, e.g., such as that shown inFIG. 12B. The inter-panel spaces can, for example, provide for verticalairflow and/or water vapor clearing initiated by airflow patterns shownin this FIG., for example. On the other hand, in some instances, smallspaces for directing airflow may provide improved evaporation results,as narrower openings can lead to higher airflow velocity. Thus, eachevaporation panel assembly can be designed taking into account suchconsiderations and conditions. Thus, the evaporation panels and systemsof the present disclosure can be customized not only with designpracticality in mind, but also with ambient conditions considered. Infurther detail, the density and spacing of the evaporations panels ofevaporation panel systems can be assembled in a manner that variesgreatly both laterally and in height. By varying the density ofevaporation panels within an evaporation panel assembly, warm to coldair exchange within the evaporation panel assembly can be tuned topromote enhanced movement of air. Furthermore, in dryer/less humidregions, one design may be effective, and in higher humidity regions,alternative designs and/or spacing profiles may be used for a morecustomized and efficient evaporation profile.

In further detail with respect to FIG. 12B, various possible airflowpatterns are shown. Airflow pattern 38A shows airflow in the x axisdirection (from a top view perspective) and airflow pattern 38B showsairflow in the y axis direction. However, due to the shape andconfiguration of the support columns (not shown in this FIG., but shownin greater detail by example in FIGS. 1-7, and 13-16 ), airflow can bedirected into, through, and out of the evaporation panel assemblyefficiently. In one example, airflow pattern 38C is shown where externalairflow is provided from an oblique angle with respect to any of theevaporation panels, but can be efficiently brought into the evaporationpanel assembly through open spaces or (unused) female-receiving openingsto assist with evaporation.

FIG. 12C shows a top 12 plan view of sixty-nine (69) evaporation panelsof an evaporation panel assembly 100, where the evaporation panels arejoined laterally to one another to form an essentially cuboidal- orrectangular cube-like shape (with some recesses and protrusions aroundthe periphery—not to be confused with the cube-shaped sub-assemblypreviously described). More specifically, this evaporation panelassembly can be viewed as multiple pi-shaped unit structures orsub-assemblies, each with one evaporation panel spine orientedorthogonally with respect to six (6) or seven (7) evenly spaced apartevaporation panels, e.g., teeth. Thus, this arrangement includes threeasymmetrical pi-shaped sub-assemblies (shown for clarity using largecross-hatching) and six symmetrical pi-shaped sub-assemblies (shown forclarity using small cross-hatching). These sub-assemblies are thusidentified in this FIG. by example only, as the same large assemblystructure (including all 69 panels) can be formed usingdifferently-defined sub-assemblies than those identified by the variedcross-hatching in this example. To illustrate, considering three of thenine sub-assemblies shown in FIG. 12C as an example, the upper right andupper left (as shown in this FIG., but again, as viewed from above)sub-assemblies could both be considered as seven (7) teeth, symmetrical,pi-shaped sub-assemblies, each with a secondary spine (see orthogonal,small cross-hatched evaporation panel at the end of the respective teethof the upper right and upper left sub-assemblies, respectively). Underthis alternative definition, the central sub-assembly at the top of thedrawing sheet could then be considered a five (5) teeth, symmetrical,pi-shaped sub-assembly with three outermost female-receiving openingsremaining open at each end of the spine. Regardless, by defining thevarious pi-shaped sub-assemblies in this way, the resulting largeassembly (of 69 evaporation panels) would still be the same. However, inboth examples, the respective sub-assemblies can each still beconsidered generally “pi-shaped.” The pi-shaped sub-assemblyconfiguration of really any type (e.g., symmetrical, asymmetrical, 2 to7 or more teeth, with or without a secondary spine, with or withoutcentral inter-panel space, with or without a vertical airshaft, etc.)can thus provide the ability to generate large evaporation panelassemblies or towers with enhanced vertical compression strength,rotational shear resistance, and highly stable orthogonal jointsjunctions. It is worth noting that some of these ranges, such as “2 to7” teeth, etc., in this and other examples are provided by example only,as these ranges may be more aptly based on the number of totalvertically aligned open space positions that may be present on theevaporation panels of the evaporation panel system or assembly.

With respect to enhanced vertical compression strength (e.g., theability to build the structure higher without crushing the bottom orlower levels) and enhanced rotational shear strength (e.g., the abilityto resist shear forces strength) mentioned in FIG. 12B, in thisparticular example as well, the pi-shaped sub-assemblies can be likewisejoined to form vertical support beam assemblies 68 positioned in agrid-like formation. In this example, the grid-like formation includesfour vertical support beam assemblies and eight partial vertical supportbeam assemblies 68A. The vertical support beam assemblies, inparticular, can structurally provide a similar type of support that avertical post or beam would provide to support an upper floors or amulti-level building in engineered construction, with the added benefitof providing rotational shear resistance because of the assemblyconstruction. Furthermore, as with design shown in FIG. 12B, theevaporation panel assembly configuration shown in FIG. 12C can befurther built out laterally (as indicated by the solid arrows pointingoutward or laterally from the basic sub-assembly shapes shown) in arepetitive or semi-repetitive manner.

Though not labeled or shown in close detail, the individual evaporationpanels can include a plurality of stacked shelves, support columns,female-receiving openings, etc., as previously described. From thisview, some of the uppermost and unused male connectors 40 are visible.Without naming each evaporation panel specifically, suffice it to saythat there are thirty-two (32) evaporation panels that are orientedparallel to one another, and there are thirty-seven (37) evaporationpanels that are connected therewith in an orthogonal orientationtherefrom. In this configuration, similar to the example cubeconfiguration shown in FIG. 11 , there is one panel space, orinter-panel space 39, left between parallel and adjacent evaporationpanels. This configuration allows for a more densely packed arrangementof panels (compared to FIG. 12B) while still allowing for often adequateevaporation space to exist between evaporation panels, particularly indryer conditions or when the evaporation panel assembly is not laterallybuilt out with a large footprint. With larger footprint assemblies whereinner areas of the evaporation panel assembly are a further distancefrom an outer surface of the assembly, extra vertical or horizontalairshafts can be assembled therein to compensate (not show, but shown inFIGS. 12E and 36 by way of example), based in part on the ambientconditions. For example, this arrangement may be more useful when theconditions might be dryer than other arrangements where more spaceremains between the panels, for example. As mentioned, other panelspacing can also be designed, e.g., 2 spaces, 3 spaces, 4 spaces, etc.Also, though airflow patterns are not shown in this example, they can besimilar to that shown in FIG. 12B.

FIG. 12D, on the other hand, shows a top 12 plan view of sixty (60)evaporation panels of an evaporation panel system 100 for assembly,where the evaporation panels are shown as various types of comb-shapedsub-assemblies, namely a cube-shaped sub-assembly and five comb-shapedsub-assembly. A pi-shaped sub-assembly or another type of sub-assemblycan be integrated therewith in some examples, depending on the desiredevaporation panel assembly design. These various sub-assemblies can bejoined laterally to one another to form a more complex and largecuboidal- or rectangular cube-like evaporation panel assembly shape (oreven a cube-shaped assembly—not to be confused with the cube-shapedsub-assembly shown assembled in FIG. 12D). This general shape or patterncan be continued out laterally in repetitive or a semi-repetitivemanner. Furthermore, this structure can be built up vertically as well.

Again, though not specifically labeled or shown in close detail, theindividual evaporation panels can include a plurality of stackedshelves, support columns, female-receiving openings, etc., as previouslydescribed. From this view, some of the uppermost male connectors 40 arevisible. In this configuration, similar to the cube configuration shownin FIG. 11 , there is generally one panel space, or inter-panel space39, left between parallel and adjacent evaporation panels or teeth. Thisconfiguration provides a more densely packed arrangement of panels(compared to FIG. 12B) while still often allowing adequate evaporationspace to exist between evaporation panels, depending on evaporationpanel assembly size (lateral footprint and height) and the ambientconditions. This arrangement may be more useful when the conditionsmight be dryer than other arrangements where more space remains betweenthe panels, for example. As mentioned, other panel spacing can also bedesigned, e.g., 2 spaces, 3 spaces, 4 spaces, etc. Though airflowpatterns are not shown in this example, they can be similar to thatshown in FIG. 12B.

FIG. 12E provides an evaporation panel system 100 for preparing anevaporation panel assembly which leaves a large vertical airshaft 108for allowing additional airflow and/or water vapor clearing. As can beseen from this top 12 plan view, there are male connectors 40 which canbe inserted into female-receiving openings (not shown in this FIG., butshown in detail at least in FIGS. 1-3, 7, 9, 13, 18, and 20-24 ) asindicated by a few exemplary bi-directional arrows. In addition to thevertical airshaft that is formed and defined by the sub-assemblies,within each sub-assembly, there are also inter-panel spaces 39,including a centrally located enlarged inter-panel space 29, both ofwhich can provide an airflow and water vapor clearing function.

In more specific detail, this embodiment provides another unique examplewhich utilizes multiple versions of the pi-shaped sub-assembly,including a sub-assembly with six (6) evaporation panels (one pi-shapedasymmetrical), sub-assemblies with seven (7) evaporation panels (thepi-shaped asymmetrical with secondary spine; and three pi-shapedsymmetrical), and a sub-assembly with eight (8) evaporation panels (onepi-shaped symmetrical with secondary spine). Some of the pi-shapedsub-assemblies include five (5) teeth, and others include six (6) teeth.Some sub-assemblies include a single spine, others include two (2)spines, e.g., a spine and secondary spine. Furthermore, somesub-assemblies are symmetrical and others are asymmetrical. Once joinedtogether, however, each sub-assembly can share an evaporation panel(s)with adjacent sub-assemblies, thus providing a more uniform evaporationpanel assembly structure that can form a repeatable pattern.Furthermore, in this particular configuration, though evaporation panelsincluding those shown in FIGS. 1-6C or others can be used, in onespecific example, evaporation panels shown in FIGS. 21A to 24D canalternatively or additionally be used because of an enlarged inter-panelspace 28 (which is centrally located in this example) of eachsub-assembly is wide enough to accommodate the size (horizontal) of anenlarged evaporative airflow channel(s) present in those particularevaporation panels (see 58A and 58B of FIGS. 21A-24D, for example).Thus, example airflow patterns 28A, 28B are shown as they may passthrough the enlarged evaporative airflow channels (not shown in thisFIG.) and further between the enlarged inter-panel spaces 28 that cancorrespond in width to the enlarged evaporative airflow channels. Infurther detail, it is noted that this particular evaporation panelassembly build is shown fully assembled on a larger scale in FIG. 36 asa top plan view, for example.

Turning now to some of the functional features of the evaporation panelsdescribed herein, for purposes of further showing and describing boththe shape and configuration of a water column that can be formed, aswell as airflow patterns that the water columns can influence, FIGS.13-16 provide some detail of a portion of an evaporation panel 10 shapedand configured in accordance with examples of the present disclosure.FIG. 13 shows a similar structure to that shown as evaporation panel 10Bin FIG. 7 . For example, the evaporation panel can include a top 12 andbottom 14 (not shown), evaporation shelves 16, each with an uppersurface 18 and a lower surface 20 in this example. The evaporationpanels can also include upwardly extending ridges 24 and downwardlyextending ridges 26, as well as male connectors 40 and female-receivingopenings 42 (and open spaces that may not be used for joining, but whichcan provide airflow therethrough). The panels can also include supportcolumns 30 including support beams 32 and evaporation fins 34, aspreviously described. These support columns and evaporation shelves arearranged as a grid-structure, but could be any other grid-like structuredescribed herein.

In further detail, FIG. 14 depicts a top cross-sectional and partialplan view of section A-A of FIG. 13 . Thus, FIG. 14 shows across-sectional view of the support beam 32, as well as an overhead topplan view of the evaporation fin 34, an upper surface 18 of anevaporation shelf, and upwardly extending ridge 24 of the evaporationshelf. In this example, the general lateral shape (when viewed fromabove) of a periphery of the evaporation fin can be similar to that of aperpendicular cross-sectional shape of an airfoil, which in thisexample, may be symmetrical laminar airfoil. By way of definitions, the“perpendicular cross-sectional” shape of an airfoil is generally takenvertically from front to back with respect to a horizontally positionedairfoil, e.g., a horizontal wing orientation. In other words, theperpendicular cross-sectional view refers to the general front to back(such as on an airplane) vertical cross-sectional shape of the airfoil,which would include the leading edge and the trailing edge takenperpendicularly with respect to the orientation of the horizontalairfoil wing. In further detail, this particular shape can providecertain advantages with respect to water evaporation and airflow inaccordance with examples of the present disclosure. For example, thisairfoil shape can enhance water retention, and can allow air to passthrough the openings (past the evaporation fins and water retainedthereon) like a vertically oriented wing, thereby improving evaporationbecause of enhanced airflow dynamics, as will be discussed in furtherdetail hereinafter. There are various dimensions that can be used toform the airfoil shape (or any other generally elongated shape). Forexample, the depth of the evaporation fin can be approximately the sameor the same as a depth of the evaporation shelf, e.g., 1.5 inch, 2inches, 3 inches, etc. The width can be less than a length of the depth,thus providing an elongated shaped in the direction of its depth(front-to-back; or elongated in an orthogonal direction relative to thelaterally elongated orientation of the evaporation shelves). Exampleratios of depth (front-to-back dimension) to width (side-to-sidedimension) can be, for example 6:1 to 8:5 or from 4:1 to 2:1.

Turning now to FIG. 15 , a close-up view of a still smaller portion ofan evaporation panel 10 is shown, and approximates the small sectionencompassed by dashed lines in FIG. 13 . This view includes and showswastewater 50 loaded on the evaporation panel. Also shown is anair/liquid interface 52, which in this instance is an interface wherethe air interfaces with wastewater, e.g., wastewater which includeswater and secondary material to be separated from the water. Even thoughthere is a great deal of wastewater surface area generated by themultiple evaporation shelves 16, still more wastewater surface area (atthe air/liquid interface) can also be provided by the support columns 30that are used to support and provide separation to the evaporationshelves. As previously mentioned, the support columns can include asupport beam 32 and evaporation fins 34. Thus, for example, when theevaporation panel, including the evaporation shelves, are filled withwastewater, the support columns can also be loaded with wastewater,providing still more wastewater surface area suitable for evaporation.In one example, due to the spacing between the evaporation shelves andthe evaporation fins, and/or due to the spacing between the evaporationfins to one another, the surface tension of the water can be used toform a vertical water column 54 along a length of various support columnsections found between pairs of evaporation shelves. Example spacing canbe from 0.3 cm to 0.7 cm, but this range is not intended to be limiting.The nature of the wastewater and the material (and surface treatment)used to form the evaporation fins can lead to modifying this range, suchas to from 0.2 cm to 0.6 cm, or from 0.4 cm to 0.8 cm. More generally,from 0.2 cm to 1 cm provides a reasonable working range for evaporationfin spacing in some examples. Furthermore, the water column is showngenerally in this FIG. as providing a straight columnar air/liquidinterface. However, this is shown in this way for convenience and toclearly show how a water column is formed. Depending on the watercontent loaded thereon, as well as the respective surface tension andsurface energy properties of the wastewater and panel surface, there maybe more (bulging) or less (recessing) water relative to the evaporationfins at the air/liquid interface compared to that shown in FIG. 15 .Additionally, at locations where the water column interfaces with theevaporation shelves (particularly the bottom), there may be somevertical to horizontal curving along the air/liquid interface that canoccur that is not shown in a pronounced manner in this FIG. Suffice itto say, the water column shown herein provides an example of wastewaterloaded on or at evaporation fins of a support column.

In one example, as the wastewater cascades from an evaporation shelfupper surface 18, around an edge 22 (such as a beveled edge) and onto alower (downward facing) surface 20 thereof, a portion of the wastewatercan be passed directly from the lower surface to the next evaporationshelf (therebeneath), and another portion can be passed to the verticalwater column supported by the presence and configuration of theevaporation fins of the support column, and so forth. An upwardlyextending ridge 24 can be present on the upper surface to preventpooling at a center of the evaporation shelf and to guide the wastewatertoward the edge rather than toward the end. This ridge can also providewind resistance, preventing wastewater from being blown from the uppersurface as well as holding wastewater in place in situations where thepanel may be slightly tilted due to wind, for example. The downwardlyextending ridge 26 can be present to facilitate downwardly cascadingwastewater from one evaporation shelf to the next, either directly or asa guide toward the support column.

In further detail, to form the vertical water column 54, spacing betweenthe evaporation fins 34 as well as material choice can be considered inorder to take advantage of the surface tension of wastewater. Forexample, the evaporation fins can be spaced apart at from 0.2 cm to 1cm, but more typically from 0.3 cm to 0.7 cm, or from 0.4 cm to 0.6 cm.Likewise, the uppermost evaporation fin can be similarly spaced from alower surface 20 of the evaporation shelf that is positioned thereabove.The lowermost evaporation fin can be likewise similarly spaced from anupper surface 18 of the evaporation shelf that is positionedtherebeneath. In further detail, the support column 30 can include asupport beam 32, such as a centrally positioned support beam, and theevaporation fins can extend outward from the support beam (on average)at from 0.2 cm to 1 cm, but more typically from 0.3 cm to 0.7 cm, orfrom 0.4 cm to 0.8 cm. These dimensions are provided by way of exampleonly, and other dimensions can be selected based on the material choice,the type of wastewater, the desired flow rate of the wastewater, etc.

As shown in FIG. 16 , a top cross-sectional and plan view taken alongsection B-B of FIG. 15 is shown. The structures shown in this FIG. aresimilar to that show in FIG. 14 , but in addition, details are providedrelated to the retention of wastewater 50 at the various surfaces,including along a vertical water column 54. Additional details regardingpossible airflow 38 around the airfoil-shaped vertical water column thatcan be formed is also shown. Thus, FIG. 16 again includes across-sectional view of the support beam 32, and an overhead top planview of the evaporation fin 34 as well as an upper surface 18 andupwardly extending ridge 24 of an evaporation shelf. As can be seen fromthis view, the wastewater is loaded on both the evaporation fin and theupper surface of an evaporation shelf. The upwardly extending ridge 24is not loaded with wastewater in this example, and can act to guide thewater away from the center of the evaporation shelf, prevent pooling,provide wastewater wind resistance, etc. Again, along an edge of theevaporation fin, a vertical water column (in cross-section) is shownwhich comprises a portion of the wastewater.

In further detail, FIG. 16 also shows the general shape of anevaporation fin 34, which in this example, has the cross-sectional shapeof a symmetrical laminar flow airfoil taken vertically from leading edgeto trailing edge based on a horizontally oriented airfoil. Thus, theevaporation fins are shaped and spaced apart as a guide so that whenwastewater is loaded thereon, the evaporation fins provide a frameworkto form the vertical water column 54 having the shape of an airfoil, andin this particular instance, a symmetrical laminar flow airfoil. Othershapes can be used, and in some examples, other airfoil shapes can beused, but the symmetrical laminar flow air foil shape providesacceptable bi-directional airflow properties. The airfoil shape in thisexample includes a leading edge 36 that directs airflow 38 around thevertical water column, once formed. Furthermore, because the verticalwater column is shaped like a symmetrical laminar flow airfoil, if theairflow were to be in the opposite direction, then the leading edgewould be found on the opposite side of the vertical water column. Thisallows for efficient airflow across the vertical water column inmultiple directions, depending on the orientation of the evaporationpanel and air currents that may be present. Stated another way,appropriately spaced and stacked evaporation fins can hold watervertically, and the vertical water column can act as an airfoil becauseof the guiding shape and spacing of the evaporation fins. For clarity,the evaporation fin is not the airfoil per se, but rather theevaporation fins are stacked and shaped to form a vertical water columnthat, when loaded with wastewater, becomes shaped like a symmetricallaminar flow airfoil that is vertically oriented in this particularexample. In further detail, the airfoil shape can also assist infacilitating evaporation of the water by efficiently promoting airflow,like a wing, around the vertical water column during evaporation.

In further detail, during evaporation (particularly when a more complexevaporation panel assembly is formed such as that shown FIG. 11 or 12 ,or when the structure is much more complex), evaporation within thestructure can promote cooling compared to higher temperatures that maybe present outside of the structure. The differential in thesetemperatures (cooling during evaporation vs. hot and/or dry conditionsoutside of the evaporation panel assembly) can promote the generation ofnatural airflow patterns within the evaporation panel assembly. Thus, asshown in FIG. 13, female-receiving openings 42 (some of which can beused to connect with a male connector 40 as previously described inFIGS. 1-12 and some of which remain open spaces for facilitatingairflow) can be defined laterally between adjacent support columnssections and vertically between adjacent evaporation shelves to provideopenings for airflow and water vapor venting to occur around the airfoilshaped vertical water column. This configuration, along with the coolingassociated with evaporation, can generate natural airflow across any ofthe respective water surfaces using natural drafts induced bytemperature differential for enhanced evaporation speeds. In otherwords, the open spaces through each of the panels, the inter-panelspaces between parallel evaporation panels, and/or the vertical watercolumns (shaped like an airfoil in this example), along with the naturaldrafts induced by evaporation and temperature differentials, cangenerate enhanced evaporation speeds, even without an external forcedairflow source, e.g., fans, natural wind, etc. The use of fans, heat, orother man-made evaporative conditions can be used, but in manyinstances, they are not needed because of the design features describedherein. Thus, the evaporation panel systems and assemblies of thepresent disclosure can be used with or without external forced airflowsources, and/or with or without artificially elevated temperatures.Natural airflow currents induced by the temperature differentials and/ornatural wind, for example, can be used to provide the airflow for theevaporative process to efficiently occur. Thus, the shape of the shelvesand/or evaporation fins can be aerodynamically designed, including asdesigned in embodiments described herein, to allow enhanced airflowacross the shelf. Thus, in some instances, the shape of these structurescan cause the airflow to speed up as it moves through one evaporationpanel to the next evaporation panel, rather than getting bogged down andbecoming stagnant as a result of the effects of wall interference (walleffect). In other words, the aerodynamic shape of the evaporation finsas well as the evaporation shelves (when loaded with the wastewater)provides the benefit of moving air through the evaporation panelassembly more rapidly, and/or moving air generally from top to bottom insome instances.

Turning now to an alternative embodiment, FIG. 17 is a front plan viewof an evaporation panel system 100 (more specifically an evaporationpanel sub-assembly) where individual evaporation panels 10A-10D have adifferent general configuration compared to that described in FIGS. 1-16. In this example, a front plan view of a first evaporation panel 10A isshown, which is orthogonally connected to a second evaporation panel10B, a third evaporation panel 10C, and a fourth evaporation panel 10Din comb-shaped, or more specifically, an E-shaped sub-assemblyconfiguration. The respective evaporation panels include a top 12 and abottom 14, as well as evaporation shelves 16 with upper surfaces 18 andlower surfaces 20. Again, support columns 30 are there to support andprovide separation to the evaporation shelves, and can include supportbeams 32 and evaporation fins 34. Furthermore, the evaporation panelsalso include male connectors 40 which can be adapted to attach anadjacently positioned and orthogonally oriented evaporation panel usingits female-receiving openings 42, which in this example are between twoclosely spaced columns. Thus, there are areas of larger open spaces 48which are different than the female-receiving openings, whereas with theprior example (FIGS. 1-16 ), the open spaces were provided by unusedfemale-receiving openings relative to male connectors joined therein.Furthermore, vertical stacking can also occur with this example. In oneembodiment, the top can include coupling ridges 44 and the bottom caninclude corresponding coupling grooves 46 for more secure stacking, aspreviously described. The female-receiving openings and the larger openspaces in this example are still generally rectangular in shape, andthus, this design can also be said to have a grid-like structure, andmore specifically, a non-periodic horizontally varied grid-likestructure.

In further detail, the evaporation fins 34 can extend horizontally fromthe support beam 32, as mentioned. These evaporation fins provideadditional support surfaces for retaining or supporting the wastewater.Additionally, the evaporation fins in this example can act to slow theflow of the wastewater as it flows from the top 12 of the evaporationpanels (10A-10D) downward. These evaporation fins have different sizes,and thus, may not form a completely vertical water column, but they maystill retain wastewater as it cascades generally downward along theevaporation panel. In further detail, though multiple configurations ofthe evaporation fins have been described in the various examples, it isunderstood that in addition to the shapes shown and described, e.g.,airfoil, square, rectangular, etc., other shapes could also be used,e.g., ridges, lobes, circles, triangles, pentagons, hexagons, shapeswith parabolic curves, etc., or other similar features used to at leastslow, and in some cases form a vertical wastewater column of thewastewater.

FIG. 18 is a front plan view of an alternative evaporation panel system100 (more specifically an evaporation panel assembly once assembled)where the evaporation panels 10A-10C also have a different generalconfiguration compared to that described in FIGS. 1-16 . In thisexample, a front plan view of a first evaporation panel 10A is shown,which is orthogonally connected to a second evaporation panel 10B (toform an L-shaped sub-assembly) and a third evaporation panel 10C (as asecondary spine for the L-shaped sub-assembly). Each of these threeevaporation panels includes a top 12 and a bottom 14, as well asevaporation shelves 16 with upper surfaces 18 and lower surfaces 20.Again, support column 30 is included which includes support columns 32and evaporation fins 34. Furthermore, the evaporation panels alsoinclude male connectors 40 which are adapted to attach the panel towhich it is integrated into an adjacently positioned and orthogonallyoriented female-receiving opening 42. Thus, again, there are areas oflarger open spaces 48 which are different than the female-receivingopening, whereas with the prior example (FIGS. 1-16 ), the open spacescan also be used as female-receiving openings for the male connectors.Furthermore, vertical stacking can also occur with this example as well.In one embodiment, the top can include coupling ridges 44 and the bottomcan include corresponding coupling grooves 46 for more secure stacking,as previously described.

In further detail, FIG. 19 is a side plan view of a single evaporationpanel 10 similar to that shown as one of the evaporation panels 10A-10Dof FIG. 17 , or as one of the evaporation panels 10A-10C of FIG. 18 .The evaporation panel can include, as before, a top 12 and a bottom 14,male connectors 40, female-receiving openings (not shown in this FIG.,but shown in more detail hereinafter in FIG. 20 ), a support column 30with a support beam 32 and evaporation fins 34, and evaporation shelves16 (flat or essentially flat horizontal upper surface 18 and a slopedlower surface 20 ranging from greater than 0° to 5°, from 1° to 5°, from2° to 4°, or about 3° from horizontal). As with the other examplesherein, the upper and/or lower surfaces of the evaporation shelves canbe slightly sloped within these ranges or can be essentially horizontal.Typically, both surfaces can be generally flat, but a small curvaturecan also be used (convex or concave), provided the surface allows forboth holding and releasing wastewater while allowing enough time forefficient surface evaporation and also allow for cascading thewastewater in a general downward direction, for example.

FIG. 20 depicts yet another alternative evaporation panel system 100(more specifically an evaporation panel assembly once assembled), but inthis case, is shown in perspective with two evaporation panels 10A,10Bjoined orthogonally in an L-shaped sub-assembly configuration. Notably,the L-shaped sub-assembly can be the start of a comb-shapedsub-assembly, a cube-shaped sub assembly, or any other sub-assemblydescribed herein which uses an outermost female-receiving opening (alonga vertical aligned column) to join with the respective male connectorsof the other evaporation panel, e.g., shapes other than pi-shaped andT-shaped sub-assemblies. Again, the evaporation panels per se in thisexample have a slightly different configuration than the generalconfiguration of FIGS. 1-16 . Each of these two evaporation panelsincludes a top 12 and a bottom 14, as well as evaporation shelves 16with upper surfaces 18 and lower surfaces (not shown). Again, supportcolumn 30 is included with similar features previously described.Furthermore, the evaporation panels also include male connectors 40which are adapted to attach the panel to which it is integrated into anadjacently positioned and orthogonally oriented female-receiving opening42. Thus, again, there are areas of larger open spaces 48 which aredifferent than the female-receiving opening, whereas with the priorexample (FIGS. 1-16 ), the open spaces were also used asfemale-receiving openings for the male connectors. Vertical stacking canalso occur with this example. In one embodiment, the top can includecoupling ridges 44 and the bottom can include corresponding couplinggrooves 46 for more secure stacking, as previously described.

Turning now to FIGS. 21A and 21B, a front plan view and an upper leftperspective view, respectively, of an alternative example evaporationpanel 10 is shown. The evaporation panel (or others) can include anenlarged evaporative airflow channel, and more specifically, thisspecific evaporation panel includes a first enlarged evaporative airflowchannel 58A and a second enlarged evaporative airflow channel 58B. Anexample airflow pattern 28A is shown, which refers back to the airflowpattern shown by way of example in FIG. 12E, where an enlargedinter-panel space is left to accommodate the width of the enlargedevaporative airflow channels if this and other similar exampleevaporation panels. By using two enlarged evaporative airflow channelsrather than one (even larger) evaporative airflow channel, a largevolume of airflow and/or water vapor clearing from the assembly canoccur without sacrificing significant weight bearing properties orweight compression resistance, e.g., strength of the evaporation panelassembly that prevents a wastewater-loaded evaporation panel assembly(or tower) from crushing lower levels due to the weight applied thereon.The enlarged evaporative airflow channels provide enlarged largehorizontal flow paths that can assist in moving air in and out, andwater vapor out of the evaporation panel assemblies, particularly whenthe evaporation panel assembly is large (e.g., in both footprint andheight), and the center of the evaporation panel assembly has difficultyclearing moisture therefrom.

With these enlarged evaporative airflow channels 58A,58B, when they arepositioned in alignment with respect to horizontal airflow 28A, they canallow for airflow/evaporation to and from evaporation panel toevaporation panel, from outside of the evaporation panel assembly towithin the evaporation panel assembly. These enlarged airflow patternscan also be extended by aligning the (already aligned) enlargedevaporative airflow channels coupled with enlarged inter-panel spaces(see 28 at FIG. 12E) kept open between parallel panels. In one example,when positioning panels orthogonally with respect to an evaporationpanel that includes enlarged evaporative airflow channels, theorthogonally oriented evaporation panels can be positioned justlaterally (one on each side) with respect to the enlarged evaporativeairflow channels so as to not obscure the enlarged evaporative airflowchannel opening. For example, FIG. 36 shows multiple evaporation panelsub-assemblies joined together where a central portion of eachsub-assembly is devoid of an evaporation panel which would otherwisehave aligned with the enlarged evaporative airflow channel of anadjacent, orthogonally oriented evaporation panel sub-assembly.

With less bulk material used to form the evaporation panel shown inFIGS. 21A and 21B (and other evaporation panels with one or moreenlarged evaporative airflow channel) due to the presence of theenlarged evaporative airflow channels, added strength can be provided bygenerally adding bulk to some or all of the features, such as thesupport beam of the support column, the thickness or depth of theevaporation shelves, etc. In some instances, if the desire to keep theevaporation panels within a relatively small size range, e.g., less than3 feet by 3 feet by 4 inches, 2 feet by 2 feet by 2 inches, etc.,providing more relative bulk material per feature with fewer openingscan be a reasonable design choice, such as that shown in FIGS. 24A-24D,for example. By balancing bulk material content with evaporation panelstrength, and considering evaporative efficiency, a good compromisebetween evaporation panel strength, versatility, build flexibility, andevaporative efficiency can be achieved.

FIGS. 21C and 21D depict a front plan view and an upper left perspectiveview, respectively, of yet another alternative example evaporation panel10. In further detail, however, the evaporation panel can include anenlarged evaporative airflow channel, and more specifically, thisspecific evaporation panel can include a first enlarged evaporativeairflow channel 58A and a second enlarged evaporative airflow channel58B. This particular evaporation panel includes cross-supports 56, whichcan be angular structural cross-supports, for example, and can addstrength (such as compression strength due to the weight of upperlevels, particularly when loaded with wastewater) to the evaporationpanel. The presence of the enlarged evaporation airflow channel(s) canin some cases, weaken the compression strength provided by theevaporation panel due to the presence of fewer support columns and lessbulk material used to form the evaporation panel, assuming thedimensions stay the same. However, more bulk material can be added perrelative feature to compensate, for example. In still further detail, byadding these or other types of cross-supports, which can act as truss-or bridge-like support to the evaporation panels, the strength of theseevaporation panels can be made to be approximately as strong as theevaporation panels shown and described in FIGS. 1-5 , and some case, canbe even stronger by virtue of the presence of the added cross-supports.Cross-supports can be added to any of the evaporation panels describedherein, including evaporation panels that do not include enlargedevaporation airflow channel(s), but are shown and described in thisspecific example because of the desire to add compensating strength dueto the presence of the enlarged evaporative airflow channels. In stillfurther detail, with this or any other example, bulk material can beadded to the evaporation panel as a whole, or can be added to certainfeatures to improve strength, as described with respect to FIGS. 21A and21B, etc.

In further detail with respect to FIGS. 21A-24D, many of the samestructures shown and described using reference numerals with respect toFIGS. 1-16 are relevant to the alternative embodiments shown in theseFIGS. For example, these evaporation panels 10 are shown oriented in anupright position with a top 12 and a bottom 14. The evaporation panelreceives wastewater (not shown) generally at or towards the top thereof,but can also be filled from the sides as well in some examples. Thus,wastewater can thinly fill a series of evaporation shelves 16 byreceiving the wastewater toward the top and cascading the wastewater ina downward direction, filling other evaporation shelves positionedtherebeneath. Essentially, a plurality of evaporation shelves caninclude an upper surface 18 and a lower surface 20 for receiving,holding, and distributing the wastewater in a generally downwarddirection, while exposing a large surface area (air/liquid interface) ofthe wastewater to the natural forces of evaporation, for example. In onespecific example, the evaporation shelves can have a flat or essentiallyflat upper surface with a slight taper over an edge 22 (such as abeveled edge) thereof and a minor slope at the lower surface underneath,e.g., from >0° to 5°, 1° to 4°, 2° to 4°, or about 3° from horizontal,or can alternatively be essentially horizontal. Additional features thatcan be present include support columns 30 which support the evaporationshelves. The number of support columns and evaporation shelves issomewhat arbitrary, as any number of support columns and evaporationshelves can be present, as previously described. In this example,support columns can include a support beam 32, which in this instance isa center positioned support beam, and evaporation fins 34. The supportbeam can be positioned elsewhere, but when in the center, water can fillaround the support beam on the evaporation fins. In this example, theevaporation fins are positioned around the enlarged evaporative airflowchannels 58A,58B in order to provide increased surface area towastewater loaded on those particular evaporation fins. However, inother examples, the evaporation fins might not be present around theenlarged evaporation airflow channels.

The evaporation panels 10 can also include structures that are suitablefor joining (releasably joining) adjacent evaporation panels from acommon evaporation panel system to form an evaporation panel assembly.This particular evaporation panel includes a series of male connectors40 at sides or ends (positioned laterally at ends when viewing theevaporation panel from the front) of the evaporation panel. The maleconnectors can be joined orthogonally with other adjacent evaporationpanels in any of the many female-receiving openings 42 that may beavailable. In this example, the female-receiving openings can also actas open spaces (most of which being available for airflow as many maynot specifically be associated with a corresponding male connector) tofacilitate airflow through the evaporation panel. As with theevaporation panels previously shown, the male connectors on the rightside can be vertically offset with respect to the male connectors on theleft side. This is so that two evaporation panels can be joined in acommon line (with an orthogonally positioned third evaporation panelpositioned therebetween as shown for example in FIG. 10 ). If these maleconnectors were not vertically offset along the lateral sides or ends ofthe evaporation panel, they would not be able to align in thisparticular configuration, e.g., the male connectors would occupy thesame female-receiving opening. That being stated, as with any of theother examples, if the male connectors were shorter so that they did notinterfere with one another, or if the male connectors were otherwiseoffset with respect one another, but were not necessarily positionallyoffset in separate female-receiving opening, they could be configured tooccupy the common female-receiving opening (e.g., two male connectorsthat would “face” one another or pass along side of one another forpositioning within a common female-receiving opening could be offsetwithin the female-receiving opening or could be otherwise shaped to notinterfere with one another). In further detail, the evaporation fins 34found at the lateral ends or sides of the evaporation panel (at thesupport column(s) immediately adjacent to the vertically aligned maleconnectors) can be smaller in size than other evaporation fins. This isso that the evaporation fins could still provide some wastewater-holdingand evaporative function, while still being able to fit within afemale-receiving opening of an orthogonally adjacent evaporation panelwhen two evaporation panels are releasably joined or locked together.

In further detail, to facilitate evaporation, adjacent evaporationshelves can vertically define and border a plurality of open spaceswithin the evaporation panel, and adjacent support columns canhorizontally define and border the plurality of open spaces as well.Thus, to promote evaporation of the wastewater from the waste materialcontained therein, airflow through these open spaces can occur, aspreviously described, e.g., including generic open spaces 48 (see FIGS.17-20 ) or female-receiving openings 42 that may not be used forreceiving male connectors 40. In further detail, however, and inconnection with the examples shown in FIGS. 21A-24D, a larger horizontalshaft of airflow can be allowed to flow through one or more enlargedevaporative airflow channel(s) 58A,58B, as previously described. Thus,in one example, evaporative fins 34 of the vertical support column 30(when loaded with a column of wastewater, for example) can generallydefine and border enlarged evaporative airflow channel 58A having achannel area that can be at least eight (8) times larger than an averagearea of the individual open spaces, e.g., 8 to 80 times larger, 10 to 60times larger, 10 to 40 times larger, 20 to 40 times larger, etc. In oneexample, a second enlarged evaporative airflow channel 58B having achannel area at least eight (8) times larger than the average area ofthe open spaces can also be present, e.g., 8 to 80 times larger, 10 to60 times larger, 10 to 40 times larger, 20 to 40 times larger, etc. Inone example, one of the enlarged evaporative airflow channels can belarger than the other, or in still another example, the two airflowchannels can be about the same size.

For further clarity with respect to the examples shown in FIGS. 21A-24D,when comparing the channel area size of a single enlarged evaporationairflow channel, 58A or 58B, to the area size of smaller “open spaces,”the open space area size is based on an average area size, whereas theenlarged evaporation airflow channel 58A area size is based on anindividual channel area size, not the collective area size of allenlarged evaporative airflow channels. Furthermore, the respectiverelative area sizes (for size comparison) can be measured essentially asa perpendicular plane relative to the generally horizontal airflowpattern, shown at 28A, that can occur directly into and out of theevaporation panel's various types of airflow openings. In other words,the respective areas can be measured using the horizontal and verticalaxes of the evaporation panel when viewed from a front plan perspectiveview, as shown in FIGS. 21A and 21C, 22, 23, and 24A. Additionally, thecalculated respective area sizes do not include any of the smallinter-fin spaces or gaps found vertically between the evaporation fins,as when loaded with wastewater, these gaps typically can be filled withwater, as shown in FIG. 15 . Thus, the area is based on the area whenloaded with wastewater for simplicity. These calculations can alsoignore any deminimis positive structure that may complicate the averagearea size calculation, such as the cross-supports 56 shown in FIGS.21C-24D. Also, for further clarity, evaporation panel “depth” (front toback dimension as viewed from the front plan perspective) is not usedwhen calculating the relative area sizes of the open spaces, as a volumemeasurement is not relevant to this particular ratio calculation. Instill further detail, the term “enlarged” in the context of the enlargedevaporation airflow channel (as well as the enlarged inter-panel space)is a relative term, meaning that each evaporative airflow channel isenlarged relative to the average size of the open spaces (or relative tothe other inter-panel spaces), which again can be an average areaprovided by both used and unused female-receiving openings 42, as wellas any other open spaces that may be present. With further regard tosome of these other types of open spaces that are not alsofemale-receiving openings, such as the open spaces 48 shown in FIGS.17-20 , these open spaces are also to be considered as an “open space”for purposes of calculating the average area of the open spacesgenerally. That being mentioned, these and other types of open spacesshould have an area size that is within the range of four times largerto four smaller than the female-receiving openings to be included in theopen space average size calculation. If much larger than this, theseother types of open spaces would begin to approach the size of anindividual enlarged evaporation airflow channel.

As a specific example regarding the area size ratio of the average areasize of the open spaces compared to the absolute area size of a singleenlarged evaporative airflow channel, the evaporation panels shown inFIGS. 21A-23 can be considered (the ratios would be different for theevaporation panel shown in FIG. 24A-24D, which are not estimated in thisexample). In these examples, the ratio of the average area size of theopen spaces (all of which are female-receiving openings in this example,ignoring gap spaces between evaporation fins, and ignoring the positivestructure of the cross-supports that fall within the open spaces) to theaverage area size of enlarged evaporation airflow channel 58A is about1:30 (e.g., just under 30 times larger). In further detail, the ratio ofthe average area size of the open spaces to the absolute area size ofenlarged evaporation airflow channel 58B is about 1:35 (just under about35 times larger). Thus, these enlarged evaporation airflow channels areboth within the range of “at least eight (8) times larger” compared tothe average area size of the open spaces. More specific suitable areasize ratio ranges can be, for example, from 1:8 to 1:80, from 1:10 to1:60, from 1:10 to 1:40, from 1:20 to 1:40, etc.

FIGS. 22-24D, on the other hand, depict four alternative examples withalternatively configured cross-supports 56 that are different than thatdescribed in FIGS. 21C and 21D. These specific cross-supports can alsoinclude angular structural cross-supports, such as X-shapedcross-supports shown in FIG. 22 , as well as both X-shaped and diagonalcross-supports shown FIGS. 23-24D. In each of these examples, othercross-support configurations could alternatively or additionally used,including V-shaped cross-supports, I-shaped cross-supports (e.g., beamswithout evaporation fins, which are not considered to be angularstructural cross-supports, but can still be used in some examples), etc.Comparing the evaporation panel shown specifically at 24A-24B to theevaporation panel shown at FIGS. 24C and 24D, with the latter, similarto the examples shown in FIGS. 21A-23 , there are evaporation fins 34positioned essentially entirely around the respective enlargedevaporative channel openings 58A,58B. However, in the former example,shown in FIGS. 24A and 24B, the evaporation fins are positionedprimarily laterally (with a few above and a few below as well) withrespect to the enlarged evaporative channel openings. Rather, a portionof the enlarged evaporative channel openings can be defined bycross-supports 56, rather than completely by evaporation fins carried bysupport beams (which can themselves be supported by support beam,cross-supports, and evaporation shelves). In other words, the enlargedevaporative channels openings can be structurally provided in this andother examples by vertical support beams 32, cross-supports 56, andevaporation shelves 16, but in some examples, some of these structuresor all of these structures can also carry evaporation fins to provideadditional evaporative surface area.

As another note, the evaporation panels shown in FIGS. 24A-24D includesfewer evaporation 16 shelves and fewer support columns 30 relative tothe examples shown in FIGS. 21A-23 , though dimensionally, thisevaporation panel can be made to be about the same size (width byheight), or alternatively, can be a different size (as is the case withany of the evaporation panels described elsewhere herein). If thisparticular evaporation panel were fabricated to be about the samedimensions as the evaporation panels shown in FIGS. 21A to 23 , forexample, the fewer number of evaporation shelves and support columnscould result in larger female-receiving opening sizes, and thus, themale connectors could also be larger to be engagable with the respectivefemale-receiving openings to be joined therewith from anotherorthogonally adjacent evaporation panel that may likewise be similarlyconfigured.

In further detail in these specific examples, the cross-supports 56 canbe configured differently in those shown in FIGS. 21C and 21D, in thatthe cross-supports can be positioned so that they do not come intocontact with the water column that may be formed at or about theevaporation fins, such as that shown in FIG. 15 . Examples of this areshown in FIGS. 22 and 23 . Alternatively, if there is some contactbetween the cross-supports and the water column (once formed), then thecontact may be minor at a top and/or bottom of the support column. Anexample of this is shown in FIGS. 24A and 24D. Either of these types ofconfiguration can minimize any draining effect that can occur when(downwardly) angled cross-supports may come into contact with verticallysuspended water columns at a center portion thereof. With thecross-supports shown in FIGS. 22-24D, the evaporative fins can retainmore wastewater along the bulk of the water column without interferenceor significant inference from any draining effect that may occur due tosurface tension interruption between the evaporative fins and thewastewater. That being stated, all of the other features can be the sameas previously described, including in FIGS. 1-21D generally, and thusneed not be re-described

As a further note regarding the placement of the cross-supports 56, ifthere is a pre-determined evaporation panel sub-assembly or assemblypattern that is to be used that is known in advance, such as one or moreof the evaporation panel sub-assembly patterns shown in shown in FIGS.11-12E and/or or evaporation panel assemblies shown in FIGS. 33-36 , forexample, then the cross-supports can be strategically positioned to notinterfere with female-receiving openings that may be used (or areintended to be used). As an example, if a pi-shaped sub-assembly is tobe used to form a larger evaporation panel assembly, such as that shownin FIG. 12E, to build an evaporation panel assembly similar to thatshown in FIG. 34 or 36 (with or without vertical airshafts), thencertain female-receiving opening 42 positions can be reserved tofacilitate the assembly of the pi-shaped sub-assembly. For example,female-receiving openings can be left available to accommodate six“teeth” joined into one or two “spines,” also potentially consideringleaving an enlarged inter-panel space between parallel teeth panels,e.g., centrally located. An example of female-receiving openinglocations that can remain for accommodating these sub-assembly andassembly configurations are shown by way of example in FIG. 23 , whereavailable female-receiving openings are noted as “O” positions.

Returning to a more general discussion regarding evaporation paneldimensions, materials, surface treatments, etc., the evaporation panelsdescribed herein can generally be of any size and configuration suitablefor generating evaporation and separation of water from waste orcontaminant material. In one example, however, the evaporation panelscan be made of a single material that is not susceptible to rust orother similar damage that may occur when exposed to water andwaste/contaminant material over a long period of time. Thus, there aremany plastic or other materials that can be used. Additionally, in oneexample, the evaporation panels can be made from a single material thatis molded or otherwise formed as a unitary structure. In still furtherdetail, because the evaporation panels can be used to connect and formcomplex and large structures, in one example, the evaporation panels canbe of a size and weight suitable for any applicable use, but in oneexample, the size and weight can be suitable for a single individual ortwo individuals to safely handle and attach to other evaporation panels.In one example, the general size of an evaporation panel (width byheight) can be, for example, from 1 foot by 1 foot to 10 feet by 10feet, or anything in between. The shapes can be generally rectangular,and in one example, generally square, with relatively shallow depthcompared to the width and height. For example, a panel can be (width byheight, or height by width) 1 foot by 10 feet, 1 foot by 8 feet, 1 footby 5 feet, 1 foot by 4 feet, 1 foot by 3 feet, 1 foot by 2 feet, 1 footby 1 foot, 2 feet by 10 feet, 2 feet by 8 feet, 2 feet by 5 feet, 2 feetby 4 feet, 2 feet by 3 feet, 2 feet by 2 feet, 3 feet by 10 feet, 3 feetby 8 feet, 3 feet by 6 feet, 3 feet by 5 feet, 3 feet by 4 feet, 3 feetby 3 feet, 4 feet by 10 feet, 4 feet by 8 feet, 4 feet by 5 feet, 4 feetby 4 feet, 5 feet by 10 feet, 5 feet by 8 feet, 5 feet by 5 feet, and soforth. Other dimensions are also possible and useable, withoutlimitation, e.g., 18 inches by 18 inches, 30 inches by 30 inches, 42inches by 42 inches, 18 inches by 3 feet, 2 feet by 42 inches, etc. Thedimensions can also be based on the metric system, e.g., 0.5 meter by0.5 meter, 0.75 meter by 0.75 meter, 1 meter by 1 meter, 1.5 meter by1.5 meter, etc. The depth of the evaporation shelf (or general depth ofthe evaporation panel can be relatively thin by comparison, e.g., from 1inch to 6 inches, from 1 inch to 4 inches, from 1 inch to 3 inches, from1 inch to 2 inches, from 2 inches to 4 inches, from 2 inches to 3inches, from 3 inches to 4 inches, from 1.5 inches to 3 inches, from 1.5inches to 2.5 inches, about 2 inches, etc. Larger (or wider) shelves maybe used (with more material) when higher evaporation panel assembliesmay be contemplated. For example, changing the depth of the evaporationpanel depth from 1½ inch to 2 inches may provide enough added bulkmaterial to build up an additional several evaporation panel assemblylevels, e.g., from 28 feet to 40 feet, for example, depending on theconfiguration, material choice, etc.

Regardless of the dimensions, these panels can be snapped together invirtually any orthogonal orientation and stacked vertically with respectto one another to form any of a number of complex structures. As aresult, because very large and complex structures can be formed, a verylarge amount of surface area (for wastewater loading) can be generatedwith a relatively small footprint. The flexibility of design choice isvast. For example, a small 1 foot by 1 foot by 1 foot cube, or a 2 footby 2 foot by 2 foot cube, etc., similar to that shown in FIG. 11 can bebuilt out to a lateral dimension of 400 feet by 400 feet, and at aheight of 40 feet, for example, to form a complex structure that can beassembled with built in doorways, stairways (as the evaporation panelassembly can be highly weight bearing), and open rooms inside, forexample. Compared to an evaporation pond where there is a singleair/liquid interface at a surface of the pond, because of the largeamount of wastewater surface area that can be generated using such arelatively small footprint, faster wastewater processing can be carriedout. In other words, the evaporation panel assemblies of the presentdisclosure can allow for a very large volume of water to be separatedfrom waste, e.g., debris, other liquids, salts, etc., in a relativelysmall land area.

In accordance with examples of the present disclosure, when thewastewater is fully loaded on an evaporation panel, the wastewater canbe held on the structure at a weight ratio of wastewater to evaporationpanel bulk material of at least 1:2, or at least 2:3, or at least 1:1,or more in some instances. Thus, when the evaporation panel is formed ofplastic, such as HDPE for example, the weight of the wastewater beingheld by the evaporation panel can weigh, for example, at least as much,and often, more than the weight of the evaporation panel. In anotherexample, the weight ratio can be at least 1.2 to 1, or at least 1.5 to1, depending on the design and bulk material of the evaporation panel.In still another example, the surface area of exposed wastewater on afully loaded evaporation panel can be from about 2 to about 8 squareinches (in²) per cubic inch (1 in³) of evaporation panel volume, or fromabout 2.3 to about 6 in² of the evaporation panel. This can becalculated by measuring the surface area of wastewater that is formed ona loaded evaporation panel (e.g. surface area at the upper surfaces, thelower surfaces, and the surface area of the water columns), and bymeasuring the panel volume which is defined by the width by height bydepth of the evaporation panel (including all openings). Thus, thevolume is based on the simple dimension of the width by height by depth,not the volume of the material per se. In one example, the surface areaof exposed wastewater on a fully loaded evaporation panel can be from 3to about 6 in² per 1 in³ of evaporation panel volume. In anotherexample, the surface area of exposed wastewater on a fully loadedevaporation panel can be from 3.3 to about 4.6 in² per 1 in³ ofevaporation panel volume. In another example, the surface area ofexposed wastewater on a fully loaded evaporation panel can be from 3 toabout 5 in² per 1 in³ of evaporation panel volume. When the evaporationpanel includes one or more enlarged evaporative airflow channels, suchas shown in FIGS. 21A-24D, the ratio may be on the lower end of some ofthese ranges. Of course, surface area to volume ratios can thus beoutside of these ranges. In a more specific example, a 24 inch by 24inch by 1.5 inch evaporation panel can be said to have a volume of 864cubic inches. Thus, the evaporation panel wastewater surface area forthis particular evaporation panel may be measured to be about 2,000square inches to about 5,000 square inches, e.g., about 2,000 squareinches, about 3,000 square inches, about 4,000 square inches, about5,000 square inches. In one example, the evaporation panel wastewatersurface area for this particular evaporation panel (24 by 24 by 1.5inches) may be measured to be about 2,500 square inches to about 4,000square inches, depending on the number of shelves, etc.

With respect to water retention on the evaporation panel, generally flat(or even subtly or slight convex or concave) evaporation shelves tend towork well with materials that have some polar surface propertiessuitable to hold water in place long enough for evaporation to occurwhile being weak enough to allow water to pass from evaporation shelf toevaporation shelf, or from evaporation shelf to evaporation fin, etc.,when loading wastewater. Certain plastic materials, for example, can betoo hydrophobic to be particularly efficient at holding water (thoughthey can still be used with some success), but these same materials canbe surface treated to generate more hydrophilic surface properties thatcan be effective when using certain materials. For example, high densitypolyethylene that has been surface treated with a flame, chemical, orthe like, works well with essentially flat surfaces. That is not to saythat other materials cannot be used. For example, some plastics can workwell without surface treatment, and others can work well with surfacetreatment. Alternatively, other rigid or semi rigid materials can beused as well, on their own or combined with plastics, e.g., metals,alloys, woods such as varnished woods, glass, fiberglass, composites, orcombinations of any of these, etc.

In an example of the present disclosure and as briefly mentioned, eachof the evaporation panels and evaporation panel systems/assemblies shownherein can be of a common material and prepared as a unitary structure.For example, a common material that can be used to mold the evaporationpanel described herein can be any suitable form of plastic. Examplesinclude polyethylene, e.g., HDPE (high density polyethylene with adensity of 0.93 g/cm³ to 0.97 g/cm³) or LDPE (low density polyethylenewith a density of 0.91 g/cm³ to 0.93 g/cm³) or XLPE (cross-linkedpolyethylene), polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, etc. Othermaterials can also be used as previously described. However, in oneexample, because certain plastics can be hydrophobic in nature withrelatively or highly non-polar surfaces, in order to improve theiradhesion with water, the surface of the evaporation panel can be treatedto provide a more polar surface for the wastewater to adhere. Treatmentscan include flame treatment, plasma treatment (atmospheric or vacuum),corona treatment, chemical treatment such as contact with an acid orother surface modifying chemical (dipping, brushing, fogging, etc.), orpriming (applying primer to enhance water adhesion).

With specific reference to flame treatment, a hot flame can be brieflyapplied to the various surfaces of the evaporation panel, which changesthe surface chemistry of the plastic. Surfaces can be converted fromhighly non-polar to a more polar surface that attracts (rather thanrepels) water. Indeed, though the body of the plastic, such as HDPE, mayremain non-polar and hydrophobic, the surface becomes more reliablypolar, enough so that water can fill the various evaporation surfacesand still cascade downward as evaporation occurs and more wastewater isadded to the top of the evaporation panel. By way of example, twomonolithic HDPE evaporation panels having a configuration of FIGS. 1-5were molded and snapped together in an L-shaped configuration, similarto that shown in FIGS. 9 and 20 . A blow torch was used to treat(contact) every surface of one of the two evaporation panels atside-to-side moving rate of about a half foot per second, e.g., the blowtorch was moved relatively quickly along each evaporation shelf. Waterwas then loaded on the L-shaped evaporation panel assembly. Theevaporation panel that was not flame treated caused the water to formmultiple water beads on the surface and the water did not adhere to thelower surface of the evaporation shelves very effectively. Water alsodid not completely wick into spaces between the evaporation fins. Thus,the evaporation panel was functional, but was not fully loaded withwater as it could be, not fully taking advantage of all of the surfacesavailable. Conversely, the water loaded on the torch-treated evaporationpanel was uniformly and evenly distributed along the entire uppersurface, and the water also adhered to the lower surface due to thesurface tension of the water and the flame-generated polar propertiesnow present on the surface of the HDPE material.

In another example, with specific reference to chemical treatment orcoating, in one example, an evaporation panel which includes polymericevaporation surfaces, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, etc., can be treated with fluorine gas to modify thesurface thereof. Fluorine can be highly oxidizing and theelectronegativity of the fluorine ion (F⁻) can facilitate variouschemical reactions to certain polymeric surfaces. Fluorine may also becombined with other gases to modify the surface chemistry, includingmodification by adding various concentrations of oxygen, nitrogen,and/or carbon dioxide. Gas mixture, relative concentrations admixed withthe fluorine, processing temperatures, times, etc., can be used tomodify the surface properties. In accordance with the presentdisclosure, surface modifications that can be helpful relate to thehydrophilicity and/or wettability of the surface. The fluorine caninteract with the surface through fluorine substitution of hydrogen,forming multiple C—F bonds, for example. Fluorine treatments utilizinghigh-energy processes can generate some surface cross-linking in certainembodiments, which can enhance the permanence of the modified surfaceproperties. In other examples, the surface energy of the evaporationpanel surface can also be increased, which can be related to an increasein the surface polarity, e.g., the surface becomes less non-polar ormore polar, and thus, more hydrophilic. These surface modifications canbe primarily at the surface, but in some examples can extend down intothe surface up to several microns, e.g., from 10 nm to 20 μm, from 50 nmto 10 μm, from 100 nm to 8 μm, or from 1 μm to 6 μm. The depth ofsurface treatment into the surface of the evaporation part is notnecessarily limited by these ranges, but they are provided by example toindicate that deeper surface treatments may have a longer lastingeffect. Furthermore, regardless of the depth of the surface treatment,surface energies can obtained that are acceptable for holding andcascading wastewater on the various surfaces of the evaporation panelsdescribed herein. For example, surface energies for polyethylene,polypropylene, or polyethylene terephthalate can be modified from arelative low range of about 28 dynes/cm to about 40 dynes/cm to a highersurface energy (more polar and more hydrophilic) from about 60 dynes/cmto about 75 dynes/cm, or from about 62 dynes/cm to 72 dynes. In oneexample, HDPE can be modified at a surface thereof at any depth up toabout 10 μm at a surface tension of about 68 dyes/cm to about 72dynes/cm.

Specific examples of processes that can be used to “fluorinate” thesurfaces of the evaporation panels of the present disclosure inaccordance with that described herein include the Fluoro-Seal® process,the Reactive Gas Technology™ process (RGT), or the DuraBlock™ process,each available from Inhance Technologies (Houston, Tex.). By way of aspecific example, an HDPE evaporation panel having a configuration asshown in FIGS. 1-5 was treated using an RGT process, and the surfaceenergy of the polyethylene was raised to about 70 dynes/cm, which washighly functional for holding and cascading water from one evaporationshelf to the next (via the edge 22, lower surface 20, evaporation fins34, and other structures as described elsewhere herein). For example,the wastewater loaded on the fluorine-treated evaporation paneluniformly and evenly distributed the water along the entire uppersurface and wicked easily into spaces between the evaporation fins, andthe water also reasonably adhered to the lower surface, due to thesurface energy of the evaporation panel and the surface tension of thewater. Conversely, an evaporation panel that was not treated caused thewater to form multiple water beads on the surface thereof, and the waterdid not adhere to the lower surface of the evaporation shelves, nor didit completely wick into spaces between the evaporation fins. Thus, theuntreated evaporation panel was functional, but was not fully tuned forreceiving wastewater at all of the available surfaces.

In further detail, with more specific reference to the RGT process, insome examples, the process carried out can be a fluoro-oxidationprocess, where a heterogeneous reaction of fluorine and oxygen gases canoccur at a polymer surface. Thus, the surface can be modified, e.g., atfrom 10 nm to 10 μm, but the bulk of the material remains unmodified.The activation of the surface can occur very rapidly in some systems,e.g., as low as a fraction of a second, or can be carried out in asomewhat longer process, depending on the bulk material, desiredcoating, depth of surface modification, etc. The process can be a batchprocess or a continuous process carried out at controlled pressures,which provides the ability to modulate or adjust the degree offunctionalization and distribution of the fluorine and/or oxygenmodification process distribution of the treatment. In accordance withexamples of the present disclosure, the fluoro-oxidation treatment, orany of the other fluorine treatments described herein or which aresimilar, can be used to essentially uniformly treat all of the surfacesof the evaporation panel, including sides, deep reliefs, curves, edges,etc., including structures such as even the gaps present betweenevaporation fins on the support column, various surfaces of theevaporation shelf that may be otherwise difficult to reach with flametreatment, etc. In certain examples, there may be applications wheresome surfaces would benefit from the treatment while other surface mayremain untreated. Examples may include treating the upper surface of theevaporation shelf while not treating the lower surface thereof, ortreating the evaporation fins while not treating the lower surface ofthe evaporation shelf, or treating the upper surface of the evaporationpanel while not treating the upwardly extending ridge (or the downwardlyextending ridge) to facilitate a desirable wastewater cascading flow. Insuch cases, selective surface functionalization can be achieved throughorientation, masking, or partitioning the evaporation panel.

An example surface reaction scheme for polyethylene treatment is shownat Formula I, as follows:

In Formula I, these structures are shown in brackets, but this is notintended to mean that these are necessarily repeating units, but ratherthe structure shown (after fluoro-oxidation) provides an example portionof possible surface chemistry that may result at a surface of thepolyethylene evaporation panel, e.g., down to as much as about 10 μm. Insome other examples, there may be more fluorine groups, more oxygengroups, less modification (e.g., more hydrogen atoms remaining), moremodification (fewer hydrogen atoms remaining), alternative gases usedother than oxygen (e.g., nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.), more carbonylgroups, fewer carbonyl groups, more alcohol groups, fewer alcoholgroups, a different ratio of carbonyl groups to alcohol groups, nocarbonyl groups, no alcohol groups, etc. This particular structure shownin Formula I has a molar ratio of fluorine to oxygen (substitution) ofabout 1:2, but the substitution molar ratio range can be 1:5 to 5:1 orfrom 1:2 to 2:1, or from 1:3 to 1:1, for example. Thus, each of thesemodifications can generate a different result at a surface of theevaporation panel, resulting in a different surface energy, polarity,hydrophilicity, etc. With this in mind, this particular structure shownin Formula I is merely meant to provide one specific example, onaverage, of a modified evaporation panel surface that may be generatedin accordance with examples of the present disclosure.

In further detail, in one example, the surface of the evaporation panelscan be essentially porous or non-porous. Thus, natural attraction of thesurface of the material with the water can provide the adhesion andcohesiveness used to essentially completely fill the evaporation panels.Generally, the more wastewater that can be filled on the evaporationpanels (while remaining thin enough to evaporate efficiently), thegreater the volume of wastewater that can be treated. For example, theevaporation panel can be designed so that the wastewater is no more thanabout 7 mm thick, e.g., from 1 mm to 7 mm, from 2 mm to 5 cm, from 2 mmto 4 mm, etc. These thicknesses can remain relatively constant, keepingin mind that the wastewater is systematically in motion, filling shelvesand cascading downward as evaporation occurs, remaining stagnantmomentarily until additional wastewater is loaded thereabove, e.g.,wastewater moves vertically and horizontally based on fluid dynamicprinciples, hydroponic principles, evaporation physics, etc. Thismovement can be assisted as the spacing, sizing, and configuration ofthe evaporation shelves, evaporation fins (particularly shown in FIGS.1-16 ), and other structures enhance, and in some instances, maximizewater tension at the shelving and other water holding structures.

Turning now to evaporation panel securing systems, which includeexamples where evaporation panel assemblies can be further securedtogether, FIGS. 25A-25D depict various views of security clip 70 thatcan also be used in accordance with examples of the present disclosure.The security clip can include, for example a pair of flexible arms 71,each with a security clip engagement groove 72 facing inward near adistal end thereof. The security clip can also include a male lockingmember 73. In some examples, a horizontal channel 73A can be present aswell. FIG. 25A depicts a plan back view of the security clip, FIG. 25Bis a plan side view of the security clip, and FIG. 25C is a top planview (or bottom view) of the security clip. FIG. 25D is across-sectional view of the security clip taken along section C-C ofFIG. 25A. The security clip can be used as a seismic clip or lockingmechanism for the evaporation panel securing systems or assemblies ofthe present disclosure. For example, the security clip can be used toprevent stacked evaporation panel assemblies from shifting laterally orotherwise, or from rolling during a seismic event. Thus, the securityclip can be used to secure vertically stacked panels together.Furthermore, the same security clip can be used to lock evaporationpanels that are joined laterally together an interface between the maleconnector and the female-receiving opening. In one example, the securityclip can be so designed so as to both secure vertically stacked panelsas well as lock laterally joined evaporation panels togethersimultaneously.

FIG. 26 depicts further detail regarding the security clip and how itcan mechanically interact with an evaporation panel system or assembly100 to further stabilize or secure vertically stacked evaporation panels10A,10B (e.g., security clip shown at 70A) and/or more lock laterallyjoined evaporation panels 10C,10D together (e.g., security clip shown at70B). In other words, the security clip can function in two ways. First,the security clip shown at 70A can engage two vertically stackedevaporation panels, essentially preventing or ameliorating lateral orother movement at a vertically stacked panel interface 13. One flexiblearm 71 can be positioned over an upper surface of an evaporation shelfpresent on evaporation panel 10A, and another flexible arm can bepositioned under a lower surface of an evaporation shelf present onevaporation panel 10B. There, security clip engagement grooves 72 canbecome engaged with an upwardly extending ridge 24A and a downwardlyextending ridge 26B, thereby securing evaporation panel 10A toevaporation panel 10B vertically. This can prevent movement during aseismic event, for example, where a stacked evaporation panel assemblymay otherwise bounce or laterally move, or it can provide additionalsafety if an operator were to grab or push a panel to prevent a fall orotherwise inadvertently shift or move a panel, or if equipment were tostrike an evaporation panel assembly.

Alternatively, the same security clip shown in cross-section at 70B cansimilarly engage two vertically stacked evaporation panels, but in thiscase, the security clip engagement grooves 72 become engaged withupwardly extending ridge 24C and downwardly extending ridge 26D, therebylocking evaporation panel 10C to evaporation panel 10D vertically (whichare orthogonally oriented with respect to evaporation panels 10A and10B). However, also in this particular example, a male locking member 73is also used to engage with male connector 40 found on evaporation panel10B. By inserting the male locking member into a male connector lockingchannel 40B, which in this example shaped as a recessed V-channel 40F,the male connector can be prevented from compressing, thereby convertingthe male connector from a compressible and releasable locking structureto a non-compressible and locked structure that cannot be removed fromits corresponding female-receiving opening (without first removal of thesecurity clip or otherwise potentially damaging the evaporation panel).Notably, the female-receiving opening shown specifically at 42 in thisFIG. is not the female-receiving opening currently being used by theabove-described male connector, but rather is shown by way of example toillustrate an unobscured female-receiving opening configuration. Infurther detail, horizontal channel 73A can be included to reducematerial, or to provide an opening to insert a security screw or otherfastener (not shown), which may further couple (by an additionalmechanism) the security clip to the adjacently coupled male connector,if desired. This extra fastener is not needed, as the shape of the malelocking member relative to the position of the security clip engagementgrooves can provide adequate security to both vertically stabilize thestacked evaporation panels (10C and 10D), as well as laterally lock theengagement between the male connector of evaporation panel 10B and theassociated female-receiving opening found in evaporation panel 10D.Furthermore, the horizontal channel of the security clip can alsoprovide a location to insert a leveraging tool for removal of thesecurity clip from the evaporation panel, as will be shown in greaterdetail hereinafter. Though the security clip is shown in both cases atthe panel interface in this example, in this example, it is noted thatthe security clip can also be used to lock any male connector within anassociated orthogonally oriented female-receiving opening, whether ornot positioned at or near the vertical stacking panel interface (see,for example, FIG. 28 ).

FIGS. 27A-27F depict various views of an alternative security clip, alsoreferred to as security clip 70, that can also be used in accordancewith examples of the present disclosure. Again, this security clip canbe used as a seismic clip or locking mechanism for the evaporation panelsecuring systems or assemblies of the present disclosure. For example,the security clip can be used to prevent stacked evaporation panelassemblies from shifting laterally (or otherwise) or rolling during aseismic event. Thus, the security clip can be used to further securevertically stacked panels together, or to lock evaporation panels thatare joined laterally together an interface between the male connectorand the female-receiving opening, or both functions simultaneously.

More specifically, FIG. 27A depicts a plan back view of the securityclip 70, FIG. 27B is a plan side view of the security clip, and FIG. 25Cis a top plan view (or bottom view) of the security clip. FIG. 25D is across-sectional view of the security clip taken along section D-D ofFIG. 27A. FIGS. 27E and 27F provide different perspective views of thesecurity clip. Thus, the security clip 70 in this example can include apair of flexible arms 71, each arm with a security clip engagementgroove 72 facing inward near a distal end thereof. The security clip canalso include a male locking member 73. In some examples, a security clipchannel 73A can be present as well. This particular security clip, byway of example, includes additional features compared to the securityclip shown in FIGS. 25A-26 . For example, the security clip shown inFIGS. 27A-27F also includes a pair of inwardly angled protrusions 71Apositioned at a distal end of each flexible arm extending beyond thesecurity clip engagement grooves. In still further detail, the malelocking member can have a more complex shape than the generallytriangular shape shown in FIGS. 25A-26 . For example, as shown in FIGS.27B and 27D-F, a distal tip locking portion 73C is shown that has a morehorizontally linear (less angled) shape, which can have the advantage oflocking with a male connector locking channel in a manner that does notgenerate as much separation or spring-like force as the more angularmale locking member shape previously described in FIGS. 25A-26 . Instill further detail in this example, the pair of flexible arms alsoeach includes a vertical channel 71B therein, which in this example isan open channel. The male locking member can also include a verticalchannel 73B therein. The three respective vertical channels (onevertical channel in each flexible arm and one vertical channel in themale locking member) can be aligned to receive a security pin (notshown, but shown in FIGS. 28 and 31 ).

Turning now to FIGS. 28-31 , these FIGS. can be viewed together as thereare several common features that are shown and described with variousviews. Thus, reference numerals for each of these FIGS. may or may notbe present in each FIG., but will be available somewhere in thiscollection of FIGS. With this in mind, FIG. 28 shows a perspective viewof an example evaporation panel assembly 100 configuration, whichincludes two relatively small evaporation panels 10A,10C (each withseven evaporation shelves 16, four support columns 30, four maleconnectors 40, and eighteen female-receiving openings 42), a securityclip 70, and a security pin 74. The security clip and the security pincan be referred to generally as “security fasteners.” Also shown in thetop right area of FIG. 28 is a top plan view of a male connector fromevaporation panel 10A and a top 12 surface of evaporation panel 10C. Forclarity, this top plan view can be viewed simultaneously with theperspective view structure shown also in FIG. 28 .

With these specific evaporation panels 10A,10C shown in FIG. 28 , apin-receiving opening 75 is shown, which in this example provides notonly a channel to receive a shaft of the pin, but also includes ashallow enlarged recess or opening at the top of the evaporation panelto provide a countersinking configuration for a head of the security pinto be received. A small detail shown at E shows the security pin 74 inplace. Thus, when a male connector of evaporation panel 10A is insertedinto a female-receiving opening of evaporation panel 10C, the maleconnector can become releasably joined in place when an upward facingmale connector engagement groove 40A becomes engaged with a downwardlyextending ridge (not shown) and a downward facing male connectorengagement groove (not shown) becomes engaged with an upwardly extendingridge 24. Then, when the pin is inserted through the pin-receivingopening of evaporation panel 10A, and a security pin engagement channel40C found in the male connector 40 of evaporation panel 10C, theengagement can become locked until the security pin is subsequentlyremoved.

In further detail regarding the male connector engagement grooves 40A,in some examples, there can be a single male connector engagement grooveon the top (upward facing) and another single male connector engagementgroove on the bottom (downward facing) of the male connector 40 (asshown in detail, for example, in FIG. 7 ). However, in this specificexample, there are multiple (e.g., two) male connector engagementgrooves on the top of the male connector and multiple (e.g., 2) maleconnector engagement grooves bottom of the male connector. Even thoughin this particular example there is only one downwardly extending ridge(not shown) and one upwardly extending ridge 24 (found on a plurality ofindividual evaporation shelves) that is used to engage with the maleconnector engagement grooves, having two parallel male connectorengagement grooves on both a top and a bottom of the male connector canprovide a benefit during assembly. For example, in some instances, whenorthogonally joining a male connector of a first evaporation panel (suchas shown at 10A) with a second evaporation panel (such as shown at 10C),a heavy object or tool (not shown), such as mallet, can be used to seatthe male connector engagement grooves into the respective upwardly anddownwardly extending ridges. With only one male connector engagementgroove on the top and bottom of the male connector, the male connectorof the first evaporation panel can be placed in the female-receivingopening of the second evaporation panel, and then one and/or the otherof the two evaporation panels can be struck with the heavy tool to seatthe grooves with the respective ridges. If the two panels are notproperly aligned when struck, there can be some minor difficulty lockingthe two evaporation panels together. Again, this difficulty can be minorand can be avoided with some skill. However, to speed up assembly, thepresence of two (or more) male connector engagement grooves on one orboth of the top and/or the bottom of the male connector can be included.In these example, when assembling two evaporation panels together, theoutermost grooves (most distal to the bulk of the evaporation panel onwhich it is integrated) on the male connector can be used to temporarilyengage with the upwardly and/or downwardly extending ridges. This willhelp to provide that the two evaporation panels are properly alignedorthogonally (even though not completely joined together). Then, whenstriking one or both evaporation panels with the heavy tool or mallet,the innermost grooves (both top and bottom) on the male connector canthen fully engage with the respective upwardly and downwardly extendingridges in place.

Once the two evaporation panels 10A,10C are releasably joined or securedtogether, a security clip 70 and/or a security pin 74 can be used tofurther lock the two evaporation panels together, at least until thesecurity clip and/or the security pin are first removed. Thus, FIG. 28shows, for example, two evaporation panels that can be fully joined andreleasably locked together, and also, subsequently locked together byattachment with one or both of the security fasteners, e.g., thesecurity clip 70 and/or the security pin 74. The security clip, inparticular, is shown inserted into (and around using the flexible arms71 and engagement grooves 72) a female-receiving opening that it shareswith a male connector (male connectors generally shown at 40 but thespecific male connector joined with the security clip is obscured by thesecurity clip). This particular security clip can interact with theevaporation panels in the same manner as that described with respectthat shown in FIG. 26 . However, this particular security clip has a fewadditional notable features. First, when the security clip is in place,there is a set of vertical channels (two shown generally at 71B and oneshown generally at 73B) that align with the security pin when both thesecurity clip and the security pin are engaged with the evaporationpanel assembly. Thus, the security pin can be placed in thepin-receiving opening 75 at the top 12 of the evaporation panel. Thesecurity pin can then pass through a security pin engagement channel 40Cof the male connector, and then through other openings in variousevaporation panels that correspond with the length of the security pin,e.g., at least two evaporation shelves—one immediately above the maleconnector and one immediately beneath the male connector. If thesecurity clip were positioned near enough to the top of the evaporationpanel, then the security pin would also pass through the verticalchannels of the security clip (as shown in FIG. 31 hereinafter). Thus,the security clip and the security pin can provide multiple levels ofredundancy with respect to preventing adjacent and orthogonally joinedevaporation panels from coming apart. Furthermore, a single securityclip can also be positioned to secure an additional vertically stackedpanel, even at the same time that it locks together two orthogonallypositioned and joined evaporation panels (not shown in this FIG., butshown in FIGS. 26, 31, and 32D) to prevent multiple levels ofevaporation panel assemblies from shifting. Likewise, the security clipcan also join two vertically stacked panels without interface with anorthogonally oriented panel. Thus, this single security clip can havethree configurations of use, namely i) to lock two orthogonally orientedand joined evaporation panels together; ii) to releasably secure (and insome cases lock) two vertically stacked evaporation panels together; andiii) to simultaneously lock two orthogonally oriented and joinedevaporation panels together while at the same time releasably secure(and or some cases lock) two vertically stacked evaporation panelstogether. Thus, with the third configuration, three panels can be lockedand/or secured together with a single security clip. See e.g., FIGS. 26,31, and 32D.

In further detail, though the security clip 70 can provide a lockingmechanism to prevent removal of a first evaporation panel 10A from asecond orthogonally oriented second evaporation panel 10C, it is notablethat the security clip merely provides locking between the twoevaporation panels, and not between itself and the respectiveevaporation panels (unless a screw is inserted through horizontalchannel 73A and into a corresponding male connector 40). The securityclip can thus be affirmatively removed, for example, using a leveragingtool 76, such as a screwdriver, to unlock the respective panels. Morespecifically, a distal end of the flexible arms 71 includes a pair ofinwardly angled protrusions 71A. Thus, when a handle end of theleveraging tool is moved horizontally (as shown by curved arrows) abouta pivot point (which in this example would be beyond the distal end ofthe flexible arms), the security clip can also rotate horizontally,allowing the security clip engagement grooves 72 to respectively releasefrom the upwardly extending ridge 24 and downwardly extending ridge (notshown in this FIG.) which are positioned about the female-receivingopening (shown by example at 42, but obscured by the in-positionsecurity clip). The inwardly angled protrusions can be configured sothat they allow for horizontal rotation of the security clip withoutbecoming bound on the support columns 30 that are positioned immediatelyadjacent thereto. Notably, the inwardly angled protrusions are notpresent on the flexible arms shown in FIG. 25C, but those particularflexible arms are indeed tapered slightly inward which can provide someroom to rotate and remove this clip as well using a leveraging tool.

FIG. 28 also depicts coupling ridges 44 on top surfaces and couplinggrooves 46 on bottom surfaces of the two respective evaporation panels10A and 10C. These coupling ridges and coupling grooves are configuredslightly differently than the coupling grooves and ridges shown in theprevious FIGS. This modification is shown in greater detail in theevaporation panel assembly 100 shown in FIG. 29 , which depicts twoevaporation panels 10A,10B that are stacked vertically. Essentially, abottom 14 surface of evaporation panel 10A is positioned on a topsurface 12 of evaporation panel 10B to provide for the verticallystacking the evaporation panels in a manner that is properly aligned.For reference, support columns 30 are shown on both evaporation panels.Thus, when stacked, coupling ridge 44 of evaporation panel 10B is placedinto coupling groove 46 of evaporation panel 10A to ameliorate or evenprevent any substantial lateral movement. In this example, therespective shapes of the coupling ridge and coupling groove are notcompletely rounded, as previously shown in other example FIGS.; butrather, both the coupling ridge and the coupling groove includecorresponding rounded convex and concave surfaces as well as flattenedvertical portions on each side thereof. This can provide furtherprotection against lateral shifting (such as during a seismic event orother accidental force that an evaporation panel assembly may encounter,e.g., operator grabbing an evaporation panel of an assembly to preventfalling, equipment accidents, etc.). For example, if a side-to-sidelateral force (right to left or left to right in this FIG.) is appliedto evaporation panel 10A relative to evaporation panel 10B, then theconcave downward facing surface of the coupling groove that is stackedrelative to the convex upward facing surface of the coupling ridge wouldforce a slight lifting of evaporation panel 10B, which would be resistedby the weight of the evaporation panel assembly panels positionedthereabove (and wastewater loaded thereon). Furthermore, if the weightwere not enough to prevent lateral shifting, then the flattened verticalportion (on one side or the other) of the coupling groove would becomeabutted against a corresponding adjacent flattened vertical portion ofthe coupling ridge, thus providing a second mechanism to potentiallyprevent further lateral shifting. Once this lateral force (or even arolling event that may occur during seismic activity) is no longerpresent that may have elicited the start of the lateral shift, therelative convex and concave surfaces may then promote the respectiveevaporation panels to shift back to a more centered, if not centered,position. This, in combination with appropriately spaced security clips(not shown) which can be engaged to secure immediately adjacent andvertically stacked evaporation panels, can provide multiple mechanismsto prevent unwanted shifting of evaporation panels of an evaporationpanel assembly. As a note, this particular detail also shows a recessedpin-receiving opening 75, which can receive a security pin (not shown)for connecting to a male connector (not shown) that may be included inthe female-receiving opening 42 therebeneath.

FIGS. 30A and 30B are two different views of an example evaporationpanel 10. FIG. 30A depicts a plan view of an upper right quadrant of theevaporation panel, and FIG. 30B depicts an upper left perspective viewof an upper left quadrant of the evaporation panel. Note that the maleconnector 40 shown in the upper right quadrant is offset vertically fromthe relative position of the male connector shown in the upper leftquadrant. As previously mentioned, this is so that two evaporationpanels can be joined in alignment (end-to-end) with an orthogonallyoriented evaporation panel positioned therebetween, such as that shownpreviously in FIG. 10 . Furthermore, this FIG. detail is provided alsoto shown more detail with respect to this particular male connectorexample configuration. Specifically, the male connector, as shown,includes a male connector locking channel 40B, which includes aninverted partial-rectangular portion (essentially three sides of arectangle or square) that inversely corresponds with the shape of thedistal tip locking portion of the security clip (not shown in this FIG.,but shown at 73C in FIGS. 27B, 27D, 27F). This partial-rectangular shapecan provide some advantages because it does not generate separationforces between the male connector locking channel (of the maleconnector) and the male locking member (of the security clip) that wouldtend to push apart the security clip from the male connector. Also, inthis configuration, when the distal tip locking portion is engagedtherein, compression of the male connector is mechanically blocked,which otherwise would normally be used to remove the male connector froman associated female-receiving opening.

Additionally, this particular male connector 40 includes both upwardlyfacing and downwardly facing male connector engagement grooves 40A. Aspreviously described, the two outermost (relative to the evaporationpanel body) male connector engagement grooves (upward facing anddownward facing) can be used to temporarily seat with the downwardlyextending ridge and the upwardly extending ridge, respectively, of anorthogonally oriented evaporation panel. Note that the downwardlyextending ridge and the upwardly extending ridge are not specificallyshown, as the orthogonally oriented evaporation panel is not shown inthis FIG. However, analogous structures are indeed shown on theevaporation panel shown, e.g., downwardly extending ridge is shown at 26and upwardly extending ridge is shown at 24. Once the evaporation panelis properly aligned and the ridges of the orthogonally oriented panelare temporarily seated with the outermost engagement grooves (as may beconfirmed by a clicking sound or by gently pulling on the evaporationpanel to ensure temporary engagement and orthogonal alignment), thepanels can be forced together further to cause the innermost maleconnector engagement grooves (upward facing and downward facing) to moreaffirmatively engage with the downwardly extending ridge and theupwardly extending ridge, respectively. As shown, the innermostengagement grooves are configured slightly differently to provideadditional grabbing engagement compared to the outermost engagementgrooves used for temporary seating and alignment. The subsequent forcecan be applied by pushing the two parts together more forcefully, ormore typically (sometimes for safety reasons), a heavy object or tool(not shown) can be used to strike one or both of the evaporation panelsto the innermost male connector engagement grooves to seat with theupwardly and downwardly extending ridges.

FIG. 31 depicts further detail regarding the security clip 70 previouslyshown in FIGS. 27A-28 as well as the security pin 74 previously shown inFIG. 28 . This FIG. provides details regarding how the security clip canmechanically interact with an evaporation panel system or assembly 100to lock and/or secure three individual evaporation panels 10B-D togetherat a location where the three (and typically a fourth, shown at 10A)individual evaporation panels are joined together. Additionally, furtherdetail is provided which shows how the security pin can also be used tolaterally join two adjacent and orthogonally positioned evaporationpanels 10B,10D together. Notably, the security clip can also beconfigured to be usable at other locations where only two evaporationpanels are orthogonally joined or vertically stacked. For example, amale connector 40 that is not positioned adjacent to the top 12 of theevaporation panel can be locked in place with a security clip atcorresponding female-receiving opening 42, and thus not interact at allwith a vertically stacked evaporation panel, e.g., see security clip 70of FIG. 28 . Alternatively, two vertically stacked evaporation panelscan be stabilized or secured together using the security clip at alocation other than where there may also be a male connector associatedtherewith, e.g., see security clip 70A of FIG. 26 .

With continued reference to FIG. 31 , there are four evaporation panelsshown, including evaporation panels 10A-10D, and the security clip 70 inthis example is directly engaged with three of the four panels, namelyevaporation panels 10B-10D. The security clip includes a pair offlexible arms 71 with engagement grooves 72 that can engage twovertically stacked evaporation panels 10C,10D at their respectiveupwardly extending ridge 24C and downwardly extending ridge (obscured bythe security pin 74, but shown by example on a different evaporationpanel at 26C), thereby vertically securing evaporation panel 10C toevaporation 10D (which are both orthogonally oriented with respect toevaporation panels 10A and 10B). However, in this particular example, amale locking member 73, including a generally partial-rectangular shaped(in cross-section) distal tip locking portion 73C is also used to engagewith the male connector 40 of evaporation panel 10B, which is coupleditself with upwardly and downwardly extending ridges (obscured bysecurity pin 74 in this FIG.) of evaporation panel 10D using itsrespective innermost male connector engagement grooves (shown at adifferent male connector at 40A for clarity). By inserting the distaltip locking portion of the security clip into a male connector lockingchannel 40B (labeled at a different locking channel for clarity) ofevaporation panel 10B, the male connector can be prevented fromcompressing, thereby converting the male connector from a compressibleand releasable locking structure to a non-compressible and un-lockableor locked structure that cannot be removed from its correspondingfemale-receiving opening, which in this case is found in evaporationpanel 10D. The female-receiving opening shown specifically at 42 in thisFIG. is not the female-receiving opening currently being used by theabove-described male connector, but rather is shown by way of example toillustrate an unobscured female-receiving opening configuration. Infurther detail, security clip channel 73A can be included to reducematerial, or to provide an opening to insert a security screw or otherfastener (not shown) to further couple (by a second mechanism) thesecurity clip to the adjacent male connector, or to provide an openingfor leveraging the removal of the security clip using a leveraging toolas shown at 76 in FIG. 28 . This extra fastener or screw is not neededtypically, as the shape of the male locking member relative to theposition of the security clip engagement grooves can provide adequatesecurity to both vertically stabilize the stacked evaporation panels(10C and 10D), as well as laterally further secure the engagementbetween the male connector of evaporation panel 10B and the associatedfemale-receiving opening found in evaporation panel 10D. For example,rather than using a screw, as described, the evaporation panel securingsystem or assembly can alternatively or additionally include a securitypin 74, which can seat within a recessed or counter-sunk pin-receivingopening 75 and can be positioned through the male connector at securitypin engagement channels 40C, as well as through the vertical channels71B positioned within the flexible arms 71 as well as the verticalchannel 73B positioned within the male locking member 73 of the securityclip. The vertical channels, notably, are open channels so that thesecurity pin does not need to be removed in order to engage or removethe security clip. Typically, the security pin would be inserted first,followed by the security clip, in this example.

Turning now to FIGS. 32A-F, various plan, perspective, andcross-sectional views of another example security clip 70 is shown,including additional detail regarding engagement of the security clipwith a male connector engagement groove 40 and an alternative locationfor a security pin 74 in accordance with the present disclosure. In morespecific detail, this particular set of examples provide certainengagement feature differences compared to that shown in the previouslydescribed embodiments of FIGS. 25A-31 . Thus, rather than re-describeeach and every analogous feature, a few differences will be highlightedherein. For example, other than these differences that will bedescribed, certain relevant discussion of analogous structural featurescan be found in the following descriptions: FIG. 30A includes severalanalogous features found in FIG. 32A; FIGS. 25B and 27B include severalanalogous features found in FIG. 32B; FIGS. 25C and 27C include severalanalogous features found in FIG. 32C; FIGS. 25D, 27D, and 31 includeseveral analogous features found in FIG. 32D; FIG. 27E includes severalanalogous features found in FIG. 32E; and FIG. 27F includes severalanalogous features found in FIG. 32F. Thus, as with any other FIG.herein, reference numerals shown may or may not be specificallydescribed, but adequate description of any of the reference numeralsshown can be found in the description of other FIGS. with referencenumeral-labeled analogous structures.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 32A, a male connector 40 ofevaporation panel 10 can include both upwardly facing and downwardlyfacing male connector engagement grooves 40A. The function andadvantages of this arrangement were described in detail previously. Themale connector can also include a male connector locking channel 40B,which is similar in configuration to the recessed V-channel shown inFIG. 26 ; but in this specific example, also includes a pair of opposingflattened portions 40D. Thus, the generally V-shape of the channel isessentially modified to include the two opposing flattened portionsinterposed between a pair of diverging angled portions 40E (in thejoining direction) near an outermost tip of the male connector, andsmaller V-channel 40F (relative to the size of the V-channel shown inFIG. 26 ). FIG. 32B-F each depict a security clip 70 that can include apair of flexible arms 71, each arm with a security clip engagementgroove 72 facing inward near a distal end thereof. The security clip canalso include a male locking member 73. The pair of flexible arms in thisexample does not include the vertical channel (for receiving thesecurity pin 74), so rather than a pair inwardly angle protrusions, inthis example, at each distal end of the pair of flexible arms is asingle inwardly angled protrusion 71A extending beyond the security clipengagement grooves. In still further detail, the male locking member canhave a more complex shape than the generally triangular shape shown inFIGS. 25A-26 , or the generally triangular and rectangular distal tipshape shown in FIGS. 27B, 27D-28 and 31 . For example, as shown in FIGS.32B and 32D-F, a distal tip locking portion 73C can be configured toessentially inversely match the shape or configuration of the maleconnector locking channel shown in FIG. 32A. Including short flattenedsections on the security clip that match the opposing flattened portionsof the male connector can provide the advantage of locking with a maleconnector locking channel in a manner that does not generate as muchseparation or spring-like force as the completely angular V-male lockingmember shape.

In any of the examples herein where a male locking member 73 of asecurity clip 70 is joined with a male connector locking channel 73 of amale connector 70 (to engage with the male connector to provide alocking mechanism), the male locking member can thus be shaped to “key”with a shape of the male connector engagement groove. At an end of themale locking member, some examples include a differently shaped distaltip locking portion, such as shown in FIG. 27B (square or rectangular incross-section) or as shown in FIG. 32B (modified V-shaped with parallelflattened portions interposed between two pairs of converging angledportions). These more complex shapes can provide additional joiningsecurity, and in some cases, can reduce separation forces between maleconnector and the security clip.

With more specific reference to FIG. 32D, this cross-sectional view offour evaporation panels 10A-D shows two different security fasteners inplace, namely a security pin 75 and a security clip 70. Unlike FIG. 31 ,in this example, the security pin and the security clip are at twodifferent locations. The security pin, for example, inserted through apin receiving opening 75 of a top 12 of an evaporation panel 10C,through security pin engagement channels 40C of a male connector 40, andthen through two additional pin receiving openings of lower evaporationshelves stacked beneath the top evaporation shelf. In one example, thesecurity pin can be used to secure an uppermost level of assembledevaporation panels, e.g., the top level of an evaporation panel assemblyor tower. This can be advantageous because at the uppermost level, thesecurity clips may not have an upwardly extending ridge 24 to engagewith, as the upwardly extending ridge can often be provided by thelowermost shelf of the next evaporation panel level. At the top of theassembly, when completed, there thus may not be another evaporationpanel assembly level to connect with, and thus, there may not be anupwardly extending ridge at that location. The security pin can providealternative fastening at the top of the evaporation panel assembly. Thatbeing stated, the top evaporation shelf could be adapted to also includean upwardly extending ridge so that the security clips could be used atthe top. With this arrangement, an additional laterally orientedcoupling groove could be included on a bottom of the panels toaccommodate the extra upwardly extending ridge.

The security clip 70 in FIG. 32D, on the other hand, operates in muchthe same manner as described with respect to FIG. 31 , and the referencenumerals and description associated therewith are incorporated herein byreference. In further detail, however, notably the security clip doesnot include vertical channels for receiving the security pin, thoughthey could be included. Also, as previously described, the shape of themale locking member 73 and the male connecting locking channel are alsomodified as previously described.

In another example, an example wastewater evaporative separation system200 is shown in FIG. 33 , and can include by way of example anevaporation panel sub-assembly or assembly 100 and a wastewater deliverysystem, which in this example includes any of a number of pumps,plumbing, and the like. In this example, there are multiple alternativedelivery systems that are shown which can be used in any combination,but are shown together for explanatory purposes. This example is shownto illustrate some of the equipment that can be used not only withrespect to separation of contaminants or other particulates, but withother relates systems, such as the evaporative cooling systems of thepresent disclosure. Thus, in this particular example, though somefeatures may not be relevant to evaporative cooling per se, this exampleis still illustrative of various features that can be use in the contextof evaporative cooling, e.g., evaporation panel sub-assembly, fluiddirecting devices or plumbing including sprayer nozzles, distributionpans, distribution troughs, pipes, tubes, pumps, etc. These and/or otherstructural devices or systems can be used to deliver water to be cooledto an evaporation panel assembly or sub-assembly, and/or further torecirculate the water as needed for continued cooling at locations suchas at a commercial air conditioning or industrial plant cooling tower.

With this background in mind regarding the relevance of the followingexample to cooling towers as well, a wastewater evaporative separationsystem can include an evaporation panel sub-assembly or assembly 100 anda wastewater (or water) delivery system for flowing (e.g., pumpingand/or gravity), directing (e.g., pipes, tubes, fluid channels, etc.),and delivering (sprayers, sprinkler heads, distribution pans, modulartrough systems, etc.) wastewater generally to a top portion of theevaporation panel assembly, e.g., a fluid pump 62 can deliver wastewaterfrom a body of wastewater 60 (or some other reservoir of water, such asa vessel that contains water to be cooled) via a delivery pipe or tube66 to a sprayer nozzle(s) 64 above or beside the evaporation panelassembly. With larger evaporation panel assemblies, a series or sprayernozzles or large scale fluid delivery apparatuses can be used that aresuitable for delivering wastewater which can, in some cases, includessolids or other contaminants that are also deliverable within thewastewater to the top of the evaporation assembly. In another example,the delivery system can include fluid pump 92A and one or more deliverypipes or tubes 77 that can be used also to receive, direct, andultimately deliver wastewater from the body of wastewater (or other bodyof water) to a distribution pan 78 disposed above the evaporation panelassembly. The distribution pan can include a series of perforations orvoids 79 through which the wastewater and any contaminants or othermaterials, if applicable, contained therein can be delivered withoutclogging the perforations, and/or so that the wastewater can be evenlydistributed across a top of the evaporation panel assembly.

In a more specific example, the distribution pan 78, which can be usedwith evaporative cooling as well, can be reconfigured to facilitateadditional airflow by more closely matching the shape of thedistribution pan (thereabove) to a shape of individual evaporationpanels, individual evaporation panel sub-assemblies, or other smallerunit of top loading surface on the evaporation panel assembly. Thus, thesmaller series of distribution pans can be configured to likewise leaveopenings between separate distribution pans, or even fluidlyinterconnected distribution pans, or larger groups of distribution pansthereof (further interconnector or separate). These distribution pans orgroups of distribution pans can thus be configured like elongatedtroughs (e.g., having a rain gutter-like configuration) with openingsalong the bottom that can be aligned with a top surface of individualevaporation panels, which can be repeated across the top surface of theevaporation panel assembly (or a portion thereof) to more precisely loadthe assembly with the wastewater. Such a configuration would allow formore vertical airflow and water vapor venting to occur, as opposed to alarge airflow blocking distribution pan that may leave little to noeffective vertical airflow venting space, thus relying more so onventing elsewhere. In one example, the distribution pan in thisconfiguration can be referred to more specifically as a series ofdistribution troughs, or even a series in interconnected distributiontroughs. These troughs can be configured to attach directly to a topsurface of an evaporation panel, in one example, potentially using someof the structural features previously described herein that may alreadybe present at or near the top surface of evaporation panels describedherein. An example of a modular system of interconnected troughs usablefor distributing wastewater 50 to a top a plurality of evaporationpanels is shown in some detail in FIGS. 37A to 45B hereinafter.

Though a distribution pan 78 (or even a system of distribution troughs)may be used to more precisely apply the wastewater to a top portion ofthe evaporation panel assembly, a sprayer nozzle or series of sprayernozzles (without the distribution pan) can also provide an effective wayto load the evaporation panel assembly, even if some of the wastewateris not as efficiently loaded thereon. This can be particularly the casewhen the evaporation panel assembly is positioned near or above the bodyof wastewater that is being treated. For example, when wastewater isapplied at or near the top of the evaporation panel assembly and aportion of the wastewater does not become loaded during application,such as because one or more sprayer nozzles is used which may not be aparticularly precise delivery fluid delivery system, the wastewater thatis not loaded on the evaporation panel assembly during the fluidapplication process (e.g., that falls between the inter-panel spaces,falls through the vertical airshafts, spills from the evaporation panelsdue to overfilling, etc.) can be merely returned back to the body ofwastewater by gravity. Then, at a later point in time, the wastewatercan be re-pumped back to the top at a later delivery or loading event,or can be pumped back to the top at a later point in time during thecontinuous loading process, for example. Return of the wastewater thatis not loaded on the evaporation panel assembly back to the body ofwastewater can either be as a result of the evaporation panel assemblybeing positioned over the body of wastewater, or the evaporation panelassembly being located nearby the body of wastewater so that thewastewater that is to be returned to the body or wastewater can bereturned via a water return channel, for example. Other methods ofwastewater return can also be carried out, including through the use ofpumps, from vessels or ponds that are adapted to receive water at abottom of the evaporation panel assembly to be delivered back to a topthereof, etc.

In one example, the evaporation panel assembly 100 of the wastewaterremediation or evaporative separation system 200 can be associated witha platform 80A configured to support the evaporation panel assembly (ofany shape or configuration or size of appropriate size relative to thesize of the platform). The platform can be, for example, a floatingplatform that floats on the surface of the body of wastewater or isotherwise suspended or partially suspended above the body of wastewater.The floating platform, for example, if used can be free floating on awastewater pond, for example, or can be anchored to ground using a dockcable system (attached to the pond floor or to dry land), or can supportthe evaporation panel assembly over or near vessel for recirculation.The platform can alternatively be in a fixed position (not floating),and the wastewater can be filled up or otherwise present around theplatform, or partially around the platform. The platform can also beperforated or can include open spaces for allowing wastewater fallingfrom or through evaporation panel assembly to pass through and in someexamples, ultimately return to the wastewater body of water. Suitableconfigurations can include a grid which defines open rectangular orsquare channels, or other structure that defines open channels of anyother shape in any suitable pattern to allow wastewater to passefficiently therethrough. In still other examples, the wastewater can beloaded from a vessel (not shown), such as a tank, where the wastewateris either pumped up to load the wastewater at or near the top of theevaporation panel assembly, or where the wastewater is gravity fed fromthe vessel from a relative high location to a lower elevation (at a topportion of the evaporation panel assembly). Regardless of whethergravity fed, pumped, or both, the vessel can be either in closeproximity or at a further distance relative to the evaporation panelassembly. In other words, the wastewater can be loaded onto anevaporation panel assembly by any method that is practical, e.g., withor without valves, pumping upward from a body of wastewater of lowerelevation, gravity fed from a higher elevation body of wastewater, froma wastewater pond or other body of water, from an open or closed vessel,to sprayer(s), to sprinkler head(s), to distribution pan(s), etc.

The wastewater evaporative separation system 200 (or a similarlyconfigured evaporative cooling system) can include the evaporation panelassembly and a wastewater delivery system, can be controlled by avariety of automated and/or manual systems. In one example, acomputerized control system can be used to control any of the devicesused in conjunction with the wastewater evaporative separation system.For example, the computerized control can control valves, rotationalnozzles, fixed nozzles, rotational platforms, timers, sensors, etc. Forexample, sensing or receiving weather conditions, sensing relativehumidity within an interior opening of the evaporation panel, usingtimers, providing automated wastewater loading based on timing orsensor-driven analytics, or the like, can be used to automaticallydetermine when the system should run, should be loaded with wastewater,and can actually control the actual running profile and/or wastewaterloading fluidics, etc. In one example, an environmental sensor or aweather forecast can be used to provide shutdown information to avoidfreezing, for example, or to rotate a platform based on wind conditions,or shut down when it is too windy to effectively maintain wastewater onthe evaporation panel surfaces, etc.

A computerized console can also be used to measure and store datarelated to water volume pumped per unit of time, e.g., per minute, perhour, per day, per month, etc., and/or can also measure water depth of apond or ponds serviced by an evaporation panel assembly. Thecomputerized console can be configured to be locked so that it isinaccessible without an access code, key, or both. Even with computercontrol and/or automated systems, the system can also be configured toinclude a manual valve management override system in case there is acomputer console power loss or malfunction. There can also be an on-sitecamera system in place (digital photos or video, for example) formanagement and monitoring of pumps, valves, nozzles, platforms, timers,sensors, etc. The system can control and/or communicate remotely with auser at a computer interface, or automatically with a computer, usingthe internet and appropriate wireless communication protocols and/orEthernet line communication. Data collected can be stored and/oranalyzed continuously or at various intervals, including data such asambient condition data points (general weather, temperature, humidity,precipitation, wind, water in, water out, humidity within theevaporation panel assembly compared to ambient humidity, etc.). Settingscan be changed remotely using the computer system, for example.

Even though the evaporation panel assembly 100 per se does not requireany power to operate (evaporates passively), the systems that are usedto load the wastewater (pumps, computerized control and monitoring,etc.) can use power. Power sources that can be used include city powerwhere available; generator power by natural gas, diesel, propane, etc.;solar power (which can be placed on or adjacent to the evaporation panelassembly); etc. Secondary backup power with automatic transfer or powerbackup battery bank for graceful shutdown purposes can also beimplemented, or to maintain power until the regular power source isrestored.

Wastewater evaporative separation systems 200 or evaporative coolingsystems 600 can also be set up in accordance with other examples of thepresent disclosure. For example, a fluid pump 92B (and console orcontrol module) can be adapted to draw from a source body of wastewater90 (not equipped with an evaporation panel assembly) via a delivery pipeor tubing 96 to a body of wastewater 60 proximate to an evaporationpanel assembly 100, such as for example a large open vessel, a linedwastewater pond, or an already existing wastewater pond. The evaporationpanel assembly can be positioned over (or proximate to) the body ofwastewater that is remote from the source body of wastewater to betreated. Criteria for wastewater delivery from the source body of waterto the evaporation panel assembly (or the second body associatedtherewith) can be based on various predetermined criteria. Examples ofsuch criteria can include i) keeping the second body of water full (orat least at a certain predetermined minimum depth) for efficient usewith the evaporation panel assemblies described herein; and/or ii)maintaining and/or monitoring the depth or other conditions of thesource body of water so that the system can be shut down if conditionsare not desirable. If conditions are not desirable in either the sourcebody of water and/or the second body of water, alerts with manual shutdown procedures or automatic shutdown procedures can be implemented. Infurther detail, similar systems can be in place so that multiple sourcebodies of water can feed wastewater to a single evaporation panelassembly and/or second body of water, or a single source body of watercan feed wastewater to multiple evaporation panel assemblies and/orsecond bodies of water.

In another example, wastewater evaporative separation (or remediation)system 200 components shown in FIG. 33 can be modified for alternativeconfigurations or uses of the evaporation panel assemblies 100, such asthose shown in FIGS. 8-12E, 17, 18, 20, and 34-36 , or others can bepart of adjacently (laterally) locked and vertically stacked evaporationfor use in these or other similar wastewater evaporative separationsystems. For example, these example evaporation panel assemblies canlikewise be used for evaporative cooling systems in accordance with thepresent disclosure. It is notable, however, that evaporation panels canbe assembled together in some of these types of configurations, but alsoin other configurations limited only by the creativity of the user, thedimensions of the evaporation panels, and the usable footprint. Thus,using these evaporation panels as basic building blocks, very complexstructures can be formed, including large structures the size of roomsor buildings, with weight bearing structures such as stairways,platforms, etc., and with open spaces such as doorways, rooms, etc.,and/or with safety features such as upper platform walls and bridges, orany other structural feature imaginable that can be built usingessentially rectangular building blocks, for example. To illustrate, inone example, at least 10 discrete evaporation panels can be lockedtogether. In another example, at least 50 (or at least 100) discreteevaporation panels can be assembled with a first portion being lockedtogether and a second portion separately locked together and stacked ontop of the first portion. In another example, at least 500 (or at least1,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 50,000, etc.) discreteevaporation panels can be assembled with a first portion lockedtogether, a second portion separately locked together stacked on top ofthe first portion, and a third portion locked together and stacked ontop of the second portion, and so forth. Stacking can occurincrementally by building a level on top of an existing level. Stackingcan also allow for building very high evaporation panel assembly towersor other structures, limited only by the safety and weight bearingcapacity of the evaporation panels that are locked together, e.g., 40feet, 100 feet, etc. On the other hand, laterally locking evaporationpanels together is not particularly limited at all, being limited onlyby the available footprint. A few example towers or evaporation panelassemblies, as well as two example closely positioned groupedevaporation panel assemblies, each prepared from many evaporation panelsjoined, and in some cases locked together, and stacked vertically can beseen in FIGS. 34-36 .

Turning now to FIG. 34 , another wastewater evaporative separation(e.g., remediation, recycling, mineral concentration, etc.) system 200,or alternatively an evaporative cooling system 600, is shown. Though notshown specifically in this example, each of the features shown anddiscussed in FIG. 33 , such as the wastewater delivery system, can alsobe relevant to FIG. 34 , and vice versa. As mentioned, the evaporationpanel assembly 100 can be used for evaporative cooling of water, e.g.,to cool an industrial component or system, or can be used for wastewaterseparation of contaminants from water by evaporation. In this instance,the system can include two platforms, and upper platform 80A and a lowerplatform 80B. Again, the evaporation panel assemblies in both examples,and much of the fluid directing assembly equipment, e.g., pumps, pipes,nozzles, pans, etc., can also be relevant to evaporative coolingexamples where contaminant separation is not the objective, but rather,water cooling is the primary objective.

In further detail, this example shows an evaporation panel assembly 100having a footprint similar to that shown in FIG. 12C, but which has beenbuilt up or stacked five (5) levels in height. Thus, for example, if theindividual panels 10 (only one of which is shown in some detail) wereprepared to be 2 feet by 2 feet in size (width by height), then thestructure shown would be about 10 feet tall. The depth and width of theevaporation panel assembly in this example would each be less than 6feet due to some overlap, as shown in greater detail viewing the topplan view of FIG. 12C. Furthermore, the evaporation panel assembly isalso shown on a platform 80A, which is a lower platform similar to thatshown in FIG. 33 . In this particular example, however, there is anupper platform which can be used for a human operator, such as abuilder, repair or cleaning technician, inspector, etc., to walk on thetop surface. The upper platform may not be used, as the evaporationpanel assembly is strong enough to support the weight of many operators,builders, inspectors, etc. But some instances, such when there may berelative vertical airshafts, the upper platform may be used for safetypurposes, etc. Both platforms in this example are grating-likeplatforms, which include perforations 82 or voids defined by a gridstructure (only a portion of the perforations on platforms are shown forsimplicity, but the perforations could present across the entire top orbottom platforms, or at locations where wastewater can pass therethroughto either load the evaporation panel assembly, or fall or drop from theevaporation panel assembly to be returned to a body or wastewater).Thus, the platform can be positioned over a body of wastewater, such asa wastewater pond or other similar wastewater source, and when thewastewater falls through the platform perforations, it can be pumpedback up and re-delivered to a top of the evaporation panel assembly forfurther processing, for example. Alternatively, wastewater can beredelivered to the body of wastewater using fluid return channels, e.g.,pipes or open channels, or can be pumped back to the body of wastewater,for example.

Turning now to FIG. 35 , a perspective view illustrating two adjacentlypositioned assembly towers including a first evaporation panel assembly100A and a second evaporation panel assembly 100B are shown. Notably,the two evaporation panel assemblies can be spaced apart at the bottomleaving a passageway 102 wide enough for a human operator to enter forpurposes of passage, inspection, repair, cleaning, building, etc. Inthis example, the passageway can be about the width of one evaporationpanel sub-assembly, or other distance therebetween as may be practical.At an upper portion of the respective assembly towers, the evaporationpanel assemblies can include a cantilevered bridging portion 104, whichspans or mostly spans the width of the passageway. The cantileveredbringing portion can provide safe passage for a human operator to movefrom one tower to the next. In this specific example, a small distance(d) or gap 106, can be left or remain between the two evaporation panelsor towers to protect against seismic shifting or other unforeseenmovement that may occur at one evaporation panel assembly but notnecessarily at the adjacent evaporation panel assembly. By isolatingadjacent evaporation panel assemblies from one another by leaving asmall distance (d) or gap, e.g., d=½ to 12 inches, d=1 to 6 inches, d=2to 5 inches, d=3 to 5 inches, d=3 to 4 inches, or d=6 to 12 inches,etc., damage to one evaporation panel assembly can be isolated withoutcarrying through to a much larger, and thus, more complex evaporationpanel assembly. In some examples, the cantilevered bridging portionand/or the passageway may be removed, and the towers can be simplyplaced distance (d) from one another. However, such an arrangement wouldnot permit a human operator to move freely therebetween.

In further detail, the first evaporation panel assembly 100A and/or thesecond evaporation panel assembly 100B can include a wall portion 110,also built from evaporation panel sub-assemblies assembled fromindividual evaporation panels. In this instance, the wall is shown asbuilt at a height of two “cube sub-assemblies,” which in one example canbe about 4 feet high if individual evaporation panels are about 2 feetin length. However, the basic configuration can be similarly preparedusing pi-shaped sub-assemblies or other comb-shaped sub-assemblies. Thewall can provide human operator safety when walking on top of one orboth evaporation panel assembly or tower. In this particular example,there can also be vertical airshafts 108 also designed into theevaporation panel assemblies to facilitate airflow and/or evaporativewater vapor clearing from within the evaporation panel assembly. Thus,airflow and/or water vapor clearing from the evaporation panel assemblycan occur either horizontally or vertically. To illustrate, with respectto horizontal airflow and water vapor clearing, open spaces (dedicatedopen spaces 48 shown in particular in FIGS. 17, 18, and 20 ; and unusedfemale-receiving openings 42 providing open spaces shown in FIGS. 1-9,18, 21A-24 , etc.), enlarged evaporative airflow channels 58A,58B (shownin FIGS. 21A-24D), inter-panel spaces 39 (shown at least in FIGS. 11,12B, 12C, and 12D), enlarged inter-panel spaces 28 (shown in FIGS. 12A,12E, and 36 ) often aligned with enlarged evaporative airflow channels,and/or horizontal airshafts (not shown, but which can be formed byleaving a horizontal shaft which does not include (is devoid of)sub-assemblies along that horizontal shaft location) can allow for theinflow or outflow of air and/or water vapor horizontally. With respectto vertical airflow and water vapor clearing, the vertical airshafts,shown by example at 108 in this FIG. as well as in FIGS. 12E and 36 ,inter-panel spaces 39, and enlarged inter-panel spaces 28 for airflowand evaporation. For example, a chimney effect can occur at the verticalairshaft and vertical airflow can occur in between individualevaporation panels at the inter-panel spaces and/or enlarged inter-panelspaces.

In further detail, in one example, access to a top portion of theevaporation panel assembly can be provided by stairway 112, which can beassembled using evaporation panels or evaporation panel sub-structuresintegrated into the overall structure of the evaporation panel assemblyor tower. In this example, the stairway is provided by evaporationpanels that are about half the height of the other evaporation panels.This is an example of where it may be advantageous to use differentlyconfigured or sized evaporation panels. However, in other examples, fullevaporation panel sub-assemblies could be used to form larger stairs,e.g., stairs 2 feet in height if the evaporation panel sub-assembliesare likewise two feet tall. In either case, in this and other examples,multiple evaporation panel sub-assemblies or evaporation panelsindividually can be used and configured to provide any of a number ofstructural features, such as a stairways, passageways, safety barriersor walls, vertical airshafts, cantilevered bridges, open rooms, benches,or the like, formed primarily or even completely from assembledevaporation panels. Furthermore, multiple assembly towers can be builtin close proximity to one another and spaced apart at a small distance(d), as mentioned, as may be desired based on space or other constraintsto protect against damage from tower to tower in the event of a towerfailure of some type. These and other similar evaporation panelassemblies or towers used as part of a larger wastewater remediation orevaporative separation system or as part of a cooling tower system,including with any of the other components shown and described in FIGS.33 and 34 , can be assembled or associated therewith, e.g., fluid pumps,sprayer nozzles or distribution pans, delivery pipes or tubing, gratingor perforated platforms (upper and/or lower), etc. For reference, anapproximately 6 foot tall human operator is shown in FIG. 35 for scale.

In further detail, FIG. 36 depicts a top plan view illustrating four (4)evaporation panel assemblies 100A-D. Adjacent assemblies or towersinclude passageways 102, cantilevered bridging portions 104 with gaps106 therebetween. Only a portion of evaporation panel assembly towers100 B-D are shown, but these evaporation assemblies can be the same sizeas evaporation assembly 100A, or can be of different sizes. Withspecific reference to tower 100A, the general sub-assembly configurationused to form this particular evaporation panel assembly is pi-shaped, asdescribed generally in FIGS. 12A-C, and more specifically with respectto the assembly of pi-shaped sub-assemblies with vertical airshafts 108and vertical support beam assemblies 68. In other words, the verticalairshafts can be formed in a straightforward manner by slightlymodifying the pi-shaped assembly pattern shown and described withrespect to FIGS. 12B and 12C to omit the addition of certain evaporationpanels, which is described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 12E.Thus, the pi-shaped sub-assemblies in this example do not include thesame number of evaporation panels in every sub-assembly, but rather, avarying number and configuration of various sub-assemblies can be used.In this specific example, some sub-assemblies can include six (6), seven(7), or eight (8) evaporation panels, depending on how the pi-shapedsub-assemblies are characterized.

With specific reference to evaporation panel assembly 100A, each levelcan include 896 individual evaporation panels, 138 evaporation panelsub-assemblies, and from 2 to 30 levels, e.g. 4 to 60 feet when eachlevel is 2 feet tall, or even more levels in some instances. By way ofexample, if evaporation panel assembly 100A includes twelve (12) levels,for example, there may be 10,752 individual evaporation panels used. Ifthere are four towers of equal size and dimensions, then the structuregrouping shown in FIG. 36 would include 43,008 individual evaporationpanels. At this size and dimension, with four closely positioned towers,the surface area of wastewater remediation or treatment, or watercooling, can be immense with a footprint of less than about 3000 squarefeet. Considering examples where each panel can have many shelves, e.g.,8 to 36, 12 to 32, 16 to 24, etc., when vertically stacked, there may beclose to 3000 square feet of 96 to 432 levels of shelves (of varyingdensity or widths, depending on the specific assembly configuration).Furthermore, with a very large number of evaporation columns, e.g., from4 to 24, from 8 to 20, etc. (horizontally offset or aligned) perevaporation panel, with each column including many individualevaporation fins, e.g., from 25 to 150 evaporation fins per column, theavailable surface area for wastewater evaporation to occur can besignificantly increased. Notably, when using evaporation panels with theenlarged evaporative airflow channels, such as those shown in FIGS.21A-24D, there may be less surface provided by the shelves and/or theevaporation fins per square foot, but this deficiency can be compensatedby increasing the tower height by one or two levels without significantweight increase (because each panel weighs less due to the use of lessmaterial to form the individual evaporation panels).

In yet another example, a method of separating contaminants fromwastewater can include loading wastewater on an upward facing uppersurface of an evaporation shelf. An additional step can include flowingthe wastewater along a flow path from the upper surface around a beveledside rim and onto a downward facing lower surface of the evaporationshelf, along the lower surface and onto evaporation fins of a verticalsupport column, and from the evaporation fins onto a second uppersurface of a second evaporation shelf positioned beneath the evaporationshelf. The method can also include evaporating water from the wastewaterwhile the wastewater is flowing down along the flow path. In onespecific example, the upper surface can be flat or essentially flat. Theupper surface can also include an upwardly extending ridge thattraverses a length of the upper surface which can prevent wastewaterfrom pooling toward a centerline of the upper surface. The lower surfacecan also be flat, but in one example, can be gradually sloped fromhorizontal at from greater than 0° to 5°. Thus, when the water rollsaround the tapered edge on the bottom surface, the wastewater flow pathdoes not require a full 180° turn from the upper surface to the lowersurface, e.g., rolling from upper to lower surface at from 175° to lessthan 180°. In one example, the lower surface includes a downwardlyextending ridge that traverses a length of the lower surface which canguide the wastewater along the lower surface toward the verticalsupport, or can promote the wastewater to drop down to the nextevaporation shelf. As previously mentioned, the evaporation fins can bespaced apart so that when water is loaded thereon, a vertical watercolumn is formed as a result of a surface tension of the water betweenthe evaporation fins. Example spacing between evaporation fins can befrom 0.2 cm to 1 cm, but more typically from 0.3 cm to 0.7 cm. Likewise,the evaporation fins can include a flat, horizontal upper surface havingthe shape of an airfoil in cross-section such that when the verticalwater column forms, a vertical water column has the shape of an airfoil.

In accordance with additional examples, the flow path can continue fromthe second upper surface around a second beveled side rim and onto adownward facing second lower surface of the second evaporation shelf,along the second lower surface and onto the second evaporation fins of asecond vertical support column, and from the second evaporation finsonto a third upper surface of a third evaporation shelf positionedbeneath the second evaporation shelf. In one example, this can continuefor at least four (4) vertically stacked evaporation shelves that arespaced apart by support columns. The support columns can also beconfigured with evaporation fins that deliver at least a portion of thewastewater from evaporation shelf to evaporation shelf. In additionaldetail, the method can also include moving contaminants along the flowpath while the water is evaporating therefrom, thus causing thecontaminants to move generally downward while increasing inconcentration.

Turning now to FIGS. 37A-45B, a water delivery trough system 400 isshown. More specifically, FIGS. 37A-37E show various views of abi-directional channeling trough 410, including a top view (FIG. 37A),side views (FIG. 37B—same on both sides), a bottom view (FIG. 37C), anend view (FIG. 37D—same on both sides), and two perspective views (FIG.37E). FIGS. 38A-38E show various views of a redirecting channelingtrough 420, including a top view (FIG. 38A), a side view (FIG. 38B), abottom view (FIG. 38C), an end view (FIG. 38D), and two perspectiveviews (FIG. 38E). These two types of troughs can be joined together orassembled at connection lips 408 using trough connector clips 440 toform various configurations, such as shown by example at FIGS. 41, 42,44, 45A, and 45B. Both types of troughs include an elongated openchannel 402 for directing water from end to end and open ends 412 wherethe troughs are joined together for continuous water flow from trough totrough. The redirecting channel troughs also include redirectingopenings 422 for orthogonally connecting to an end of another trough (ofeither type). If the open end (of either type of trough) or aredirecting opening is not utilized to connect to another trough, theopenings 412,422 that remain unused can be blocked using trough endcapclip 460. The bi-directional channeling troughs and the redirectingchanneling troughs can also include a food support 404 with a couplinggroove 46, for placing the troughs on a top surface of an evaporationpanel or an assembly of troughs onto an evaporation panel assembly,thereby preventing lateral slippage. In still further detail, a topsurface of the troughs can include anti-slip protrusions or an anti-slipprofile 406.

These specific configurations can be used, for example, to be positionedto deposit wastewater to a top surface of an evaporation panel assemblyjoined together as a series of pi-shaped sub-assemblies. This particularwater delivery trough system shown in FIGS. 37A-45B is configured for anassembled alignment over a top surface of an evaporation panel assemblyput together using the evaporation panels shown in FIGS. 24A-24D.However, other evaporation panel dimensions can be similarly preparedwith a water delivery trough system of comparable dimensions andspecifications. Also various other configurations can be generated otherthan that shown for the pi-shaped sub-assemblies, but this configurationis shown by way of example to illustrate the water delivery troughsystems described herein. For example, the evaporation panel assemblies,such as those shown in FIGS. 12B and 12C, and as a larger footprint inFIG. 36 , can be outfitted with an assembled water trough deliverysystem that is positioned (essentially directly or directly) over a topsurface of the evaporation panel assembly, so that the open channels 402in the various troughs delivery water thereto, shown by way of examplein part at FIGS. 43 and 44 .

With specific reference to FIGS. 37A-37E, bi-directional channelingtrough 410 of a water delivery trough system 400 can include an openchannel 402, foot supports 404 with a coupling groove 46, and ananti-slip profile 406. End openings 412 can be defined by a connectionlip 408, which in this instance can be a U-shaped barbed connection lip.Perforations 79 can be present at the bottom of the open channel torelease water therebeneath onto a top surface of an evaporation panel(not shown, but shown in FIGS. 43-44 ). FIGS. 38A-38E depict aredirecting channeling trough 420, which includes all of the samefeatures as the bi-directional channeling trough, but also includesredirecting openings 422, also with similarly configured connectionlips.

FIGS. 39A-39E depict example trough connector clips 440, which in thisexample are U-shaped, and can be used to clip connection lips ofadjacent troughs together (either end to end, or orthogonally). Thetrough connector clips include a U-channel 442 that is recessed toreceive two connection lips abutted together (one from each trough). Theclip can also include a barb-receiving opening 444 to lock (or removablylock) in place with the connection lips. Other connection mechanicalfastening approaches can likewise be used. The trough connector clip inthis example has an open bottom 446, but could be solid or have someother configuration. FIGS. 40A-40E depict, on the other hand, a troughendcap clip 460. The trough endcap clip is similar to the troughconnector clip, except the recess of the U-channel is thinner toaccommodate only a single connection lip, and further includes a fluidblocking portion 462 to block wastewater (or water) from escaping atunused connection locations.

As shown in FIGS. 41 and 42 , bi-directional channeling troughs 410,redirecting channeling troughs 420, trough connector clips 440, andtrough endcap clips 460 are shown as being (partially) connected to forma (partially) assembled water delivery trough system 400. As can be seenin FIGS. 41 and 42 , end openings 412 of bi-directional channelingtroughs can be connected to redirecting openings 422 of redirectingchanneling troughs using a trough connection clip, and unused openingscan be blocked using a trough endcap clip 460. In FIG. 42 , it is shownthat two redirecting channeling troughs can be connected together toform an assembled water delivery trough system suitable for beingpositioned over a vertical support beam assembly of an evaporation panelassembly (shown by example at 68 in FIGS. 12B, 12C, and 36 ).

FIGS. 43 and 44 depict various troughs with open channels 402.Specifically a bi-directional channeling trough 410 is shown in FIG. 43and both bi-directional channeling troughs and redirecting channelingtroughs 420 connected using trough connector clips 408 are shown in FIG.44 , positioned on top of an evaporation panel 10, with the footsupports 404 positioned on a top 12 surface of the evaporation panel.More specifically, coupling grooves 46 (similar to the coupling groovesat the bottom of the panel described previously) of the foot supportscan be positioned on coupling ridges 44 of the evaporation panel toameliorate lateral slippage or unwanted movement. In this example, theperforations or voids 79 are positioned over the top surface of theevaporation panel to allow (waste) water in the water delivery troughsystem to be dropped directly thereon. The other structures are similarto that described previously in various examples.

Referring now to FIGS. 45A and 45B, FIG. 45A shows a top plan view offour redirecting channeling troughs 420 connected together to form awater supply opening 490. There are also two bi-directional channelingtroughs 410 shown. The vertical water supply opening can be aligned withan opening within a vertical support beam assembly of an evaporationpanel assembly (not shown, but shown at 68 in FIGS. 12B, 12C, and 36 ).Thus, a delivery pipe 77 (shown in cross-section at G-G in FIG. 45Abased on G-G shown in FIG. 45B) or other fluid directing channel can bepositioned vertically within the vertical support beam assembly of theevaporation panel system and also through the water supply opening ofthe water delivery trough system to deliver wastewater (or water) to alocation above the water delivery trough system and into the openchannels 402. FIG. 45B shows a side plan view of two redirecting channeltroughs (partially assembled of that shown in FIG. 45B). At the top ofthe delivery pipe, a nozzle or other fluid directing hardware can beused to control or direct the flow of water, if desired. The footsupports 404, redirecting channel troughs 420, perforations 79,redirecting openings 422, and connection lips are shown for referenceand described previously.

Turning now to FIGS. 46A-48 , a splash containment shield 500 is shown,which can include a frame 502, which in this instance includes threevertical frames found at three locations along multiple stepped splashguards 506 that are vertically aligned. The stepped splash guards aregenerally angled to provide for runoff of water that splashes thereon tobe redirected back in a direction toward the source of the splash. Thestepped splash guards include stepped supports 504 that run parallelwith the frame, but which do not vertically span adjacent individualstepped splash guard. The stepped splash guards also include connectionribs 508, which can be used to connect the slash containment shield toan evaporation panel (or assembly) via a splash containment clip (notshown, but shown in FIGS. 47A-48 hereinafter. Between the stepped splashguards, there are airflow directing channels 510 that are large enoughto allow for air to freely flow therethrough (so that the evaporationpanel assemblies of the present disclosure can receive enough airflow toallow for adequate evaporation of wastewater, for example. The splashcontainment shields also include pin-receiving openings 75 in thisexample so that laterally adjacent splash containment shields can beplaced in contact with one another and a pin (not shown) droppedtherethrough. The splash containment shield shown in this example isconfigured such that it can be laterally connected to evaporation panelassemblies with a staggered outer surface, such as that shown in FIG. 34, for example. Even when staggered (as occurs when using pi-shapedsub-assemblies), there are examples where laterally positioned splashcontainment shields can come in contact and support one another, evenwhen using splash containment clips of the same size.

A splash containment clip 520 is shown in FIGS. 47A-47F in variousviews, including a top view, a bottom view, a side view, a first end(evaporation panel engagement end) view, a second end (shield engagementend), and a perspective view, respectively. Thus, the splash containmentclip interfaces with both the evaporation panel and the splashcontainment shield, as shown in more detail in FIG. 48 . At the firstend, an evaporative panel clip (similar to the security clip 70previously described at FIGS. 25A to 32D) can include a pair of flexiblearms 522 and a male stabilizing member 524. These can interface orengage with the evaporation panel in a similar manner as that describedfor the aforementioned security clip. On the second side, rib engagementgrooves 526 are included and are positioned to interface and engage withthe connection ribs 508 of the splash containment shield. The first endand the second end are separated by a clip frame. In addition to the ribengagement groove, in this example, there is also a step engagementgroove 530, which contacts one of the steps of the stepped splash guard506 for added stabilization.

The arrangement of an evaporation panel 10 with a splash containmentsystem 540 is shown in more detail in FIG. 48 . More specifically, thesplash containment system in this example includes a splash containmentshield 500 which is connectable to a splash containment clip along thestepped splash guard 506. The flexible arms 520 and the male stabilizingmember 524 can be used at the other end to connect the splash connectionclip to the evaporation panel. The evaporation panel depicts a side viewof an evaporation panel, including an upwardly extending ridge 24 whichengages with the grooved flexible arms, and a female-receiving opening42 which interfaces or engages with the male stabilizing member. Forreference, the evaporation panel also shows the male connector 40 and atop 12 surface.

FIG. 49 depicts an evaporative cooling system 600, which can utilize anevaporation panel assembly 100, or variant thereof as described hereinin detail, to evaporatively cool water that has been heated. There aremany applications where the enhanced evaporative properties provided bythe evaporation panels, systems, sub-assemblies, assemblies, etc.,described herein can provide adequate evaporative cooling of water. Forexample, evaporation can be used to cool water that has been heatedduring various industrial systems/processes, or evaporative cooling canalso be used to cool water that has been heated during the operation oflarge air-conditioning units, etc. Examples of industrial processes orindustrial systems where heated water may be produced, and where theremay be a desire to cool the heated water for recirculation or for someother purpose, include power plants (electrical, nuclear, solar,geothermal, hydroelectric, coal fired, diesel fired, combined cycle,solar thermal, wind, tidal, or any other type where one or morecomponent would benefit from cooling), petrochemical plants, natural gasplants, oil refineries, food processing plants, semi-conductor plants,industries which use condensers, data rooms, computer systems orcomponents, or the like. For example, it may be beneficial to cool gaslines or electrical components using the evaporative systems of thepresent disclosure in many of these types of plants). Regarding heatexchangers associated with large air-conditioning units, largecommercial buildings, large data centers where equipment should be keptcool, or other similar locations can often include a cooling tower orother cooling assembly to cool and recycle heated water for continuedoperation of the commercial air conditioning units, for example.

In further detail in FIG. 49 , the evaporative cooling system caninclude the evaporation panel assembly 100, which is assembled usingindividual evaporation panels 10. This particular evaporation panelassembly is five levels high and was prepared using nine pi-shapedsub-assemblies on each level, as previously described in FIGS. 12C and34 , for example. In further detail, assuming this particularevaporative cooling system is a tower used with a commercial airconditioner, essentially everything that occurs outside of theevaporative cooling system of the present disclosure is notated at 602,which includes a heat exchanger in the context of an air conditioning orHVAC unit. Alternatively, 602 can also represent other industrialsystems described herein or where cooling would be beneficial, includingthe industrial systems/processes or systems descried above. In eitherinstance, heated water is delivered to a top of the evaporation panelassembly through a hot water inlet 604, where the hot water is sprayedthereon using a nozzle 64 or some other type of fluid applicator, e.g.,distribution pan(s), modular trough system, sprinkler system, etc. Asthe hot water cascades down the evaporation panel assembly, evaporationof water occurs in the manner as described throughout the presentspecification. The evaporation of the hot water thus causes cooling tooccur. At a bottom of the evaporation panel assembly, a vessel or pancollects the cooled water shown generally at 60. Notably, the vesselwith cooled water can be considered analogous to the body of water shownat 60 in FIG. 33 , but in this case, the body of water is cooled waterrather than wastewater. Once cooled, the water can be delivered from thevessel, e.g., tank, pan, pond, etc., through a cool water outlet 608 forfurther use to provide cooling to the heat exchanger of an HVAC systemor the other industrial system. In this example, it is noted that thereis a fan 606 at a top thereof, which can enhance the evaporation of thewater from the evaporation panel assembly. In some examples, verticalairshafts can be included to facilitate airflow. Likewise, because ofthe highly reconfigurable nature of the evaporation panel assembliesdescribed herein, this system could be operated without fans, or fanscould be positioned elsewhere as aligned with open features of thespecific evaporation panel that is assembled.

In another example, and as shown in FIG. 50 generally, water can begenerated using an atmospheric water generator (AWG) by extracting humidambient air by condensation (cooling to below the dew point) andcollecting the condensation to generate a volume of potable water.Cooling can often occur by reducing the air pressure, for example, orthe generation of condensation can occur by the presence of desiccants.Though AWGs often utilize ambient air, in some areas where theatmospheric conditions are too dry, these AWGs do not operate veryefficiently. Thus, the evaporation panel systems can be utilized incombination with an atmospheric water generator to provide multipleadvantages, including the conversion of dry air to humid air within andimmediately around the evaporation panel system, as well as providecooling of the air (now humidified) to provide a cooler startingtemperature of the air for the further cool (in some examples) tocondense the air to form water droplets.

The rate of water production of water from the now humidified air candepend on the ambient temperature (which is dropped by the coolingeffect of the evaporative panel system in operation), humidity (which israised by the evaporation of water from the evaporation panel system aswater is cascaded from top to bottom and then pumped back to the top),the volume of air passing over the coil (which can be increased to asize as large as practical because the flexibility of the evaporationpanel systems that can be built), and the AWGs capacity to cool thecoil. Water sources can include sea water, gray water, wastewater fromany source, lake or river water, underground water, etc. Again, thoughevaporative cooling is used to generate the humidified (and cooled) airwithin and around the evaporation panel system, the type of atmosphericwater generator that can be used can be of any type, including thosethat rely on cooling condensation water generation, wet desiccant watergeneration, etc.

A few different water generation systems 700 of the present disclosureare shown by example in FIGS. 50-52 , where an example evaporation panelassembly 100 is shown, as described in detail herein, positionedproximate to (over in this instance) a body of water 60 (which can belake water, sea water, river water, underground water, etc.). Inducedand/or forced airflow can deliver humid air 38 to an atmospheric watergenerator (AWG) 710, which is configured to generate water. Morespecifically, FIG. 50 depicts an example evaporation panel assemblypositioned adjacent to the AWG, with one example that may includedirecting the humid air toward the AWG using mechanical fans, fluiddirecting ducts or pipes, etc. FIG. 51 depicts an example evaporationpanel assembly built around an AWG. FIG. 52 depicts a series of exampleevaporation panel assemblies built adjacent to and arranged around anAWG. The evaporation panel assembly or assemblies could likewise bebuilt above or below the AWG, to one or multiple sides of the AWG, or acombination of these various arrangements can be implemented.

In further detail regarding the atmospheric water generator 710, anytype of AWG can be used. In this example, condenser coils 712, such asfood grade coated condenser coils or other appropriate coils, can beused to cool and generate condensation. The condensed humidified air 38(from the evaporation panel assembly 100) can then be collected in acollection vessel 714 and then dispensed as potable water, for example.Not shown are other components that may be present, including componentsfor filtration, germicidal activity, etc. For example, an air filter canbe used to remove pollen, dust, mold, bacterial, etc. Volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) can be filtered out as well using carbon filters, andUV or other spectra of light can be used to kill bacteria and othergerms or viruses. The collected water can be ozonated, and pipes andvessels can be treated, as may be desired, to prevent harmful growths aswell. In other words, there may be a mechanical air filter, a carbonfilter, a light-energy pathogen treatment device, an ozonator, and/or afood-grade coating on condenser coils, pipes, or vessels.

Turning now to the various industries that can benefit from thetechnology described herein, essentially any industry that generateswastewater and for which there would be a desire or motivation toseparate the “waste” from the water can benefit from the evaporationpanels, systems, sub-assemblies, assemblies, water delivery troughsystems, splash containment shields, methods, etc., described herein.Additionally, any industry that would benefit from the evaporativecooling that occurs when cascading water down the evaporation panelassemblies of the present disclosure can also benefit from theevaporation panels, systems, sub-assemblies, assemblies, water deliverytrough systems, splash containment shields, methods, etc., describedherein. In some instances, there may be environmental reasons toseparate waste or contaminants from produced or other wastewater, and inother instances, there may be government regulations that may require orencourage “cleanup” after generating wastewater. There may also bereasons to collect a concentrated compound or component from wastewater.

FIG. 53 depicts several general classes of applications that would beenvironment friendly where the evaporation panels, systems,sub-assemblies, assemblies, water delivery trough systems, splashcontainment shields, methods, etc., described herein would be of use.Broadly speaking, this technology could be applicable to resourcerecycling, on-site process, cooling (particularly industrial orcommercial cooling applications), and remediation and disposal. Examplesof resource recycling can include atmospheric water generation (shownand described in FIGS. 50-52 ), eco-reuse, e.g., brine, agriculture,e.g., paraffin and wax, salt, lithium, etc. Examples of on-siteprocessing include lithium brine, e.g., batteries, light metals, e.g.,potash, manganese, soda ash, etc., applications related to juices, oiland gas, mining, wastewater mineral reclamation, etc. Coolingapplications shown by example generally in FIG. 49 can be for cooling ofcommercial HVAC units, or for industrial applications including thecooling of data rooms, computer systems or components, e.g., computerstorage centers, telecommunication centers, internet server locations,etc., power plants or plant components (electrical, nuclear, solar,geothermal, hydroelectric, coal fired, diesel fired, combined cycle,solar thermal, wind, tidal, etc.), petrochemical plants, natural gasplants, oil refineries, food processing plants, semi-conductor plants,industries which use condensers, data rooms, computer systems orcomponents, etc. Remediation and/or disposal applications can includeapplications related to disposing of mining tailings or wastewaterassociated with oil and gas by concentrating the solids or fractions anddisposing the concentrated remains with a smaller footprint, brine orbrackish water disposal, etc. With respect to these categories, they arenot all discrete categories, as some activities may involvecross-category applications, e.g., concentrating brine or brackish waterfor disposal while generating potable water for drinking, etc.

In further detail, examples of wastewater ponds/bodies of watergenerated by industry (or otherwise) that can benefit from the use theevaporation panel systems and assemblies the present disclosure includecleanup of the following bodies of water and/or associated waste: slagponds such as those generated in mining, sewage ponds including thatassociated with utilities, oil wastewater, lithium ponds, gray waterincluding treatment of city water, mining wastewater, wastewaterassociated with cooling towers, dairy farm pond waste, olive oil pondwaste, mining tailings, leaching pond waste, uranium mining wastewater,thermoelectric/cooling wastewater, salt water evaporation, artificiallake remediation, wastewater removal at military installations, waterremediation from produce production with chemical additions used forgrowth and bug kill, etc. Likewise, cooling towers or other systemswhere there is a desire to cool water by evaporation can also benefitfrom the use of the evaporation panels, systems, sub-assemblies,assemblies, and methods described herein.

In one specific example, produced water can be particularly troublesomein the oil and gas industry, where oil and/or gas reservoirs ofteninclude water as well as hydrocarbons, sometimes in a zone that liesunder or over the oil and/or gas hydrocarbons to be recovered, andsometimes in the same zone with the oil and/or gas hydrocarbons.Furthermore, oil wells often produce large volumes of water with the oiland/or gas. In other examples, sometimes to achieve a desired level ofhydrocarbon recovery, water flooding, steam flooding, CO₂ flooding, etc.can often be used where water is injected into reservoirs to generatepressure to help force the oil to the production wells. The injectedwater, steam, etc., eventually reaches production wells, andparticularly in the later stages of water flooding, a produced waterproportion of the total hydrocarbon production can increase. Regardless,produced water can be present in recovered oil and/or gas.

Produced water is considered an industrial waste and coal seam gas (CSG)producers may want to dispose of produced water in an environmentallysound manner. In accordance with examples of the present disclosure, thewastewater “disposal” can thus be carried out by evaporation using anevaporation panel assembly and/or a wastewater evaporative separationsystem, such as that shown and described herein, and in particulardetail in FIGS. 33 to 36 , for example.

In further detail, using oil recovery at a single wellhead as anexample, oil and water (and often some natural gas) can be brought up tothe surface together as mixture during operation of the wellhead. Insome wells, there may be a lot of water present, e.g., 90 wt % or more,and in other examples, there may be very little water present, e.g., 10wt % or less. Thus, there can be varied mixtures of oil and water.Furthermore, there can also be various volume flows of the oil and watermixtures from a particular well, which can produce more water because ofthe large volume of the liquid mixture. Once collected in this form, thehydrocarbon fractions (natural gas, oil, etc.) can be separatedconventionally, such as on-site in a separation vessel. For example, thehydrocarbon and water admixture (which can include various impuritiessuch as salts, paraffin, solid particulates, undesired longer chainedhydrocarbons, etc.) can be phase separated to form an upper hydrocarbonphase layer within the vessel and a lower wastewater phase layertherebeneath. Natural gas may also be collected above the hydrocarbonphase layer. Separation speeds may be enhanced using heat or otherprocess to assist with breaking up the hydrocarbon and water admixture(which also includes other contaminants). Natural gas can also becollected from a top portion of the vessel if desired.

The evaporation panel assemblies and wastewater evaporative separationsystems described herein can be relevant to what to do with thewastewater (with its contaminants) once it is separated from the oil,natural gas, and other hydrocarbons that may not remain in thewastewater. Rather than injecting the wastewater back into the earth, orrather than trucking the wastewater away to a remote wastewater pond,which can be expensive and time consuming, the wastewater collected fromthe bottom of the separation vessel can be treated as set forth herein.For example, the wastewater can be delivered to a wastewater pond orother body of wastewater, and in some instances, can be deliveredon-site, right at or near the oil well without the need for trucking thewastewater away. A wastewater pond can exist or be provided (dug andlined, for example) that is close enough to the well that the wastewaterfrom the bottom of the separation vessel can be gravity fed or pumped tothe wastewater pond for processing.

Thus, a wastewater evaporative separation system, including at leastsome of the wastewater delivery system components as well as one or moreevaporation panel assemblies described herein, can be used to remediateor treat the wastewater and separate the contaminants therefrom. In someinstances, this can be done on-site without the need of trucking thewastewater away to a remote site, but trucking can also be used if thewastewater pond or body of wastewater is at a remote location. Again,the wastewater delivery system can include structures and components(other than the evaporation panel assembly itself) used to deliver andrecirculate wastewater to the evaporation panel assembly, includingvarious components described with respect to FIG. 33 and/or elsewhereherein, e.g., computers, wireless or wired communication, backupgenerators, power supplies, valves, sensors, timers, fluid directingpipes or open canals, pumps, sprayer nozzles, sprinklers, distributionpan(s) or troughs, perforated platforms, suspended platforms, platforms,floating platforms, pond liners, hoses, and/or wastewater vessels, etc.The one or more evaporation panel assemblies can include assemblystructures described generally herein, but can be shown more specificexample at FIGS. 34-36 .

For clarity, a specific on-site remediation or evaporative separationexample can be considered at an oil or gas well is provided as follows.A mixture of oil, water, natural gas, and salt (and other) contaminantsis recovered from an oil well and collected in a separation chamber. Thewater is separated from the oil and natural gas by phase separationand/or some other technique, e.g., heating, hydrocycloning, freeze-thawevaporation, etc. Once the water and many of the contaminants arelargely separated from the oil, a wastewater or produced water can beprocessed using the evaporation panel systems of the present disclosure.The oil and gas can be collected conventionally. However, the wastewaterat the bottom can be gravity fed or pumped to a nearby wastewater pondthat can be shallow or relatively deep, e.g., 2 feet to 30 feet. Thewastewater can then be pumped to an upper surface of the evaporationpanel assembly using one or more pump(s), fluid directing pipes, and adelivery device, such as one or more distribution pans, one or moreseries of distribution troughs, one or more sprayer nozzles, one or moresprinkler heads, etc. The wastewater can cascade down the evaporationpanel assembly as described herein in great detail (including variantsthereof). The water at the bottom of the evaporation panel assembly isnow more concentrated with the contaminants than it was at the topbecause some of the water has been evaporated from the wastewater. Atthe bottom, the wastewater can be returned to the wastewater pond, whichcan be directly therebeneath, or if adjacent to the wastewater pond,collection topography beneath the evaporation panel assembly made ofconcrete, liner material, plastic, wood, or other material can be usedto return the more concentrated wastewater back to the wastewater pond,e.g., such as by using fluid directing pipes or open canals. There, thewastewater is then recirculated back to the top of the evaporation panelto be repeated until the wastewater is sufficiently evaporated so that athickened sludge-like material remains to be disposed of accordingly.Thus, rather than using daily semi-trucks to haul away (and remotelytreat) the wastewater, a small truck could be used much less frequentlyto collect a much more concentrated contaminant sludge on an occasionalbasis. Furthermore, sludge removal can be minimized even more becauseeach day (or other time increment), as water is collected from theseparation vessel, it can be gravity fed into the same wastewater pond,thereby diluting the recently concentrated wastewater, and essentiallyproviding a continuous flow of wastewater to be treated on a daily (orother incremental or continuous) basis. Thus, if the wastewater pond is24 feet deep for example, and the wastewater is being treated by theevaporation panel assembly and new wastewater is being loadedcontinually or periodically, there may not be a need to collectconcentrated sludge on more than a monthly basis, yearly basis, orperhaps over a period of a decade or more, depending on the watercontent produced, the size of the evaporation panel assembly, theambient weather conditions, etc.

Thus, in one example, a single oil or gas wellhead can be associatedwith one or more evaporation panel assemblies and one or more sourcebodies of wastewater for cycling the wastewater through the evaporationpanel assembly. If the evaporation panel assembly is efficient enough tohandle all of the produced wastewater for that specific well, truckingaway the wastewater can be eliminated or significantly reduced. It mayalso be that a single evaporation panel assembly is efficient enough tohandle multiple oil or gas wellheads, and thus, the evaporation panelassembly can be positioned therebetween. Likewise, groups of evaporationpanel assemblies can be used for high producing wellheads that produce agreat deal of water, such as that shown in FIGS. 35 and 36 (two and fourevaporation panel assemblies, respectively). As examples, if an oil orgas wellhead produces a significant amount of wastewater, then anevaporation panel assembly that is about 200 feet wide by 200 feet deepby 40 feet high can be built to treat the wastewater. If, on the otherhand, an oil or gas wellhead produces very little wastewater, then anevaporation panel assembly that is about 50 feet wide by 50 feet deep by20 feet high can be built to treat the wastewater. These are onlyexamples of relative sizes, but it should be noted that one of theadvantages of the systems and methods of the present disclosure is theability to build an evaporation panel assembly that meets the needs ofthat particular site, taking into account wastewater volume, availablefootprint on-site to build the infrastructure, proximity of adjacentwellheads, the space available to receive oil trucks for carrying awaythe crude oil, etc. For example, oil trucks or some other system wouldstill be provided room to collect and carry away the crude oil, but aslong as there is the space to receive the oil trucks, etc., theevaporation panel assemblies could be positioned anywhere that isconvenient and/or efficient. If the footprint is small, for example, andthe water production is high, a 75 foot by 75 foot by 75 footevaporation panel assembly may be able to be safely constructed andused, depending on the strength of the relative strength of theevaporation panels and/or the assembly design chosen.

With respect to the separation of the wastewater from undesirablecontent, in some cases, wastewater (or water that is not pure and hasmaterial to be separated therefrom) can also include material that maybe desirable to collect. Thus, the term “wastewater” does not excludethe reclamation of desirable material from water, such as desirablesalts, metal particulate, etc. Furthermore, even though the “sludge”described in the above example is considered a contaminant, it can befurther processed to some good use, such as by allowing it to degradeover a period of months and admixing with manure or other components togenerate a fertilizer or other useful compositions.

A similar approach to that described above with respect to the oil andgas industry could be implemented in any of the other industriesdescribed herein, as well as any other industry that may not have beenmentioned, but which would benefit from the separation of salts, solids,and/or other materials wastewater. One specific example is mining. Wateris commonly used in mining operations for extraction, washing, operationof mining equipment, etc. The term “mining” can be divided into types,namely surface mining, e.g., open-pit mining, quarrying, strip-mining,mountain top removal, landfill mining, etc.; and sub-surface mining,e.g., underground mining such as drift mining, shaft mining, slopemining, shrinkage stope mining, long wall mining, room and pillarmining, retreat mining, hard rock mining, blow hole mining, blockcaving, combinations thereof, etc. Highwall mining is a combination ofsurface and sub-surface mining. Other techniques and combinations oftechniques can also be considered “mining.” In further detail,regardless of the technique, mining can target placer deposits, whereminerals can be found in sand or other unconsolidated materials; or lodedeposits, where minerals may be found in veins, layers, or mineralgrains distributed throughout a mass of rock. Examples of depositsinclude orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer. Ores recovered caninclude metal, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimensionstone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and/or clay. Other types of mining,such as for uranium or other rare earth elements, potash, potassium orsodium chloride, sodium sulfate, copper, uranium can be done by in-situleaching, where the solubility of the material is exploited. Forexample, potash, potassium, etc., are soluble in water, and copperminerals or uraniuim oxide are soluble in acid or carbonate solutions.In still further detail, geological material-laden wastewater can begenerated during hydraulic mining, washing, crushing, ore-processing,etc. For example, heavy equipment can be used to remove and stockpileoverburden, to break and remove rocks of various hardness and toughness,to process ore, to carry out reclamation projects, e.g., after a mine isclosed, etc. Drills can be used to sink shafts, excavate stopes, and/orobtain samples for analysis. Sluices, jigs, crushers, mills, etc., canbe used to concentrate target material from geological material.Regardless of the technique or equipment used in the mining operation,water can be used in these and other processes to provide miningefficiencies, and thus, often a lot of wastewater can be generated thatis laden with particulate geological material. Typically, the wastewateris sent to landfills, where over the decades, some wastewater dumpingsites have accumulated higher concentrations of metal or other mineralsthan the mines themselves.

In accordance with this, whether it be wastewater generated at a miningsite, or wastewater treated at a landfill, the evaporation panelassemblies of the present disclosure can be used to separate theparticulate geological material from water. Separation can be for thepurpose of concentrating the waste product for reducing the size of thewaste, for the purpose of reclaiming mineral deposits that may bepresent in the wastewater, or a combination of both.

Mineral dressing includes the mechanical treatment of geologicalmaterial, e.g., crushing, grinding, washing, disaggregate, shaking,etc., to enable the extraction of metals or minerals from their gangue(waste material). Chemical treatment can also occur by reducing themetals from its oxide or sulfide form, such as by smelting, orelectrolytic reduction.

While the above examples, description, and drawings are illustrative ofthe principles of the present technology in one or more particularapplications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artthat numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementationcan be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and withoutdeparting from the principles and concepts of the present disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of evaporative concentration of acompound from wastewater, comprising: loading wastewater including thecompound on an upper portion of an evaporation panel assembly, theevaporation panel assembly including multiple individual evaporationpanels laterally joined together, wherein the individual evaporationpanels include: a plurality of horizontally oriented evaporation shelvesthat are laterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apart from oneanother, and a plurality of vertical support columns positionedlaterally along the plurality of evaporation shelves to provide supportand separation to the plurality of evaporation shelves; flowing thewastewater along a downward cascading flow path from evaporation shelfto evaporation shelf; and evaporating water from the wastewater, therebyconcentrating the compound in the wastewater as the wastewater followsthe downward cascading flow path.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising collecting the wastewater in a body of wastewater in the formof a more concentrated wastewater and pumping the more concentratedwastewater from the body of wastewater back to the tipper portion foranother cycle of loading, flowing, and evaporating.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, further comprising: adding additional wastewater from a secondbody of wastewater to the body of wastewater.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein the body of wastewater or the second body of wastewater is awastewater landfill dumping site associated with mining operations. 5.The method of claim 2, wherein the compound is separated and collectedfrom the more concentrated wastewater.
 6. The method of claim 1, whereinthe compound includes a salt.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the saltis concentrated from brine or brackish water for disposal.
 8. The methodof claim 1, wherein the compound includes oil or gas, and concentratingthe compound includes concentrating the oil or gas in the wastewater toform a more concentrated wastewater.
 9. The method of claim 8, whereinconcentrating the oil or gas as well as loading the wastewater on theevaporation panel assembly occurs on-site where the oil or gas iscollected without vehicle transport of the wastewater.
 10. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the more concentrated wastewater is collected in avessel, and wherein the vessel is fluidly coupled to the evaporationpanel assembly to direct the more concentrated wastewater from thevessel to the evaporation panel assembly.
 11. The method of claim 8,further comprising injecting water into the earth for secondary oilrecovery or hydraulic fracturing to generate the wastewater for loadingon the upper portion of the evaporation panel assembly.
 12. The methodof claim 1, wherein the compound includes a particulate geologicalmaterial in association with a mining operation, and concentrating thecompound includes concentrating the particulate geological material inthe wastewater to form a more concentrated wastewater.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the particulate geological material includes gangue.14. The method of claim 12, wherein the mining operation is associatedwith surface mining.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the miningoperation is associated with sub-surface mining.
 16. The method of claim12, wherein the wastewater or the more concentrated wastewater includeschemicals added for the mining operation that are effective for in-situleaching, smelting, electrolytic reduction, or a combination thereof.17. The method of claim 12, wherein the compound includes at least oneof gold, silver, platinum, palladium, cobalt, nickel, lithium, uranium,rhodium iridium, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, rhenium, or indium. 18.The method of claim 1, wherein the support columns include a pluralityof stacked and spaced apart evaporation fins oriented in parallel withthe evaporation shelf.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein theevaporation panel is configured such that as wastewater is loaded at afirst upper surface of a first evaporation shelf, wastewater istransferred to a first lower surface thereof and to the evaporationfins, wherein the first lower surface also transfers wastewater to theevaporation fins as well as directly to a second upper surface of asecond evaporation shelf therebeneath, and wherein the evaporation finsalso transfer wastewater to the second upper surface, wherein water isevaporated from the wastewater from at least the first upper surface,the evaporation fins, and the second upper surface as a moreconcentrated wastewater cascades downward along the evaporation panel.20. The method of claim 19, wherein the second evaporation shelf furthercomprises a second lower surface for receiving wastewater from thesecond upper surface and releasing the wastewater therebeneath.
 21. Themethod of claim 20, further comprising a third evaporation shelfincluding a third upper surface positioned beneath the secondevaporation shelf, wherein the second evaporation shelf and the thirdevaporation shelf are separated by a second support column whichincludes a second plurality of stacked and spaced apart evaporation finsoriented in parallel with the evaporation shelf, wherein the secondlower surface transfers wastewater to the second evaporation fins aswell as directly to the third upper surface, and wherein the evaporationfins also transfer wastewater to the third upper surface, wherein wateris evaporated from the wastewater from at least the first tippersurface, the evaporation fins, the second upper surface, the secondevaporation fins, and the third upper surface as a more concentratedwastewater cascades downward along the evaporation panel.
 22. Anevaporative cooling system, comprising an evaporation panel assemblyincluding a plurality of evaporation panels laterally joined togetherand fluidly coupable to a body of water that is cyclically heated by anindustrial system, wherein the evaporative cooling system is configuredto cyclically deliver heated water from the industrial system to anupper surface of the evaporation panel assembly, and wherein as watercascades down the evaporation panel assembly, the heated water cools asa result of evaporation to be reused to cool the industrial system. 23.The evaporative cooling system of claim 22, wherein the industrialsystem includes at least one of of a heat exchanger of an airconditioning system, a computer system, a data room housing a computersystem, a power plant, a chemical plant, a petrochemical planta, an oilrefinery, a natural gas plan, a food processing plant, or a productmanufacturing plant.
 24. The evaporative cooling system of claim 22,wherein the evaporation panel assembly includes at least 50 discreteevaporation panels, a first portion of which are laterally joinedtogether and a second portion of which are laterally joined togetherstacked on top of the first portion.
 25. The evaporative cooling systemof claim 22, further comprising a fluid directing assembly foroutflowing cooled water from beneath the evaporation panel assembly andinflowing heated water to a fluid delivery device above the evaporationpanel assembly.
 26. The evaporative cooling system of claim 22, whereinthe evaporation panel assembly includes vertical airshafts.
 27. Theevaporative cooling system of claim 26, wherein the vertical airshaftsare associated with a cooling fan positioned thereabove.
 28. Theevaporative cooling system of claim 22, wherein the evaporation panelassembly includes at least nine pi-shaped sub-assemblies which arelaterally joined together to form four or more vertical support beamassemblies.
 29. The evaporative cooling system of claim 22, wherein theevaporation panel assembly comprises multiple vertically stacked levels,wherein a plurality of the vertically stacked levels include an array ofvertical support beam assemblies formed rotationally by four pi-shapedsub-assemblies, wherein the vertical support beam assemblies arevertically aligned from level to level to provide both vertical loadingstrength and rotational lateral shear strength.
 30. The evaporativecooling system of claim 22, wherein individual evaporation panelsinclude: a plurality of evaporation shelves that are laterallyelongated, vertically stacked, spaced apart from one another, andhorizontally oriented; a plurality of vertical support columnspositioned laterally along the plurality of evaporation shelves toprovide support and separation to the plurality of evaporation shelves;a plurality of female-receiving openings which are individually borderedby two evaporation shelves and two support columns; and a plurality ofmale connectors positioned at lateral ends of the individual evaporationpanels, wherein the individual evaporation panels are releasablyjoinable via the male connectors to female-receiving openings of otherorthogonally oriented evaporation panels.
 31. The evaporative coolingsystem of claim 30, wherein the plurality of vertical support columnsinclude evaporation fins that are spaced apart at from 0.2 cm to 1 cm sothat when water is loaded at the support column, the evaporation finsreceive the water and form a vertical water column along the evaporationfins forms.
 32. The evaporative cooling system of claim 31, wherein theevaporation fins have a shape of a perpendicular cross-section of anairfoil taken from a leading edge to a trailing edge thereof.
 33. Theevaporative cooling system of claim 30, wherein the individualevaporation panels are configured such that as water is loaded at anupper surface or an evaporation shelf, water is transferred to a lowersurface therebeneath and to evaporation fins, wherein the lower surfacealso transfers water to the evaporation fins as well as directly to asecond upper surface of a second evaporation shelf, and wherein theevaporation fins also transfer water to the second upper surface,wherein water is evaporated from at least the first upper surface, theevaporation fins, and the second upper surface, cooling the water as itcascades downward along the evaporation panel.
 34. The evaporativecooling system of claim 30, wherein the individual evaporation panelscomprise a plastic material, and the plastic material is surface treatedto provide surface energy from 60 dyne/cm to 75 dyne/cm.
 35. A method ofcooling an industrial system, comprising: loading water heated by one ormore component of an industrial system on an evaporation panel assembly,the evaporation panel assembly including multiple individual evaporationpanels laterally joined together, wherein the individual evaporationpanels include: a plurality of horizontally oriented evaporation shelvesthat are laterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apart from oneanother, and a plurality of vertical support columns positionedlaterally along the plurality of evaporation shelves to provide supportand separation to the plurality of evaporation shelves; flowing thewater along a downward cascading flow path from evaporation shelf toevaporation shelf, evaporating water from the water as the water followsthe downward cascading flow path to generate cooled water; recirculatingthe cooled water to the one or more component associated with theindustrial system to cool the one or more component; and after beingre-heated by the one or more component, loading the water heated by theone or more component back on the evaporation panel assembly.